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UM BIOH 370 - Development and Inheritance
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BIOH 370 Anatomy and Physiology IILecture 37 5/8/2015 Outline of Last Lecture Development and Inheritance Day 2I. Embryonic Perioda. 4th Weekb. 5th Weekc. 7th Weekd. 8th WeekII. Fetal PeriodIII. Invasive Prenatal Diagnostic TestsIV. Non-invasive Prenatal TestsV. Effects of Pregnancya. Anatomical Changesb. Physiological ChangesVI. Initaition of Labor (Parturition)VII. Stages of Labora. Dilation Stageb. Expulsion Stagec. Placental StageOutline of Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Development and Inheritance Day 3I. Stages of Labora. Dilation Stageb. Expulsion Stagec. Placental StageII. Medical Indications for C-sectionsIII. Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine LifeIV. First BreathV. Transitional PeriodVI. Occlusion of Fetal Blood VesselsVII. LactationVIII. Advantages of Breast MilkIX. Assisted Reproductive TechnologyCurrent LectureDevelopment and Inheritance Day 3I. Stages of Labora. Dilation Stage- Longest stage of labor: 6–12 hours or more- Initial weak contractions:o 15–30 minutes apart, 10–30 seconds longo Become more vigorous and rapid- Cervix effaces and dilates fully to 10 cm- Amnion ruptures, releasing amniotic fluid- Engagement occurs: head enters the true pelvisb. Expulsion Stage- Strong contractions every 2–3 minutes, about 1 minute long- Urge to push increases (in absence of local anesthesia)- Crowning occurs when the largest dimension of the head distends vulva- Delivery of infantc. Placental Stage- Strong contractions continue, causing detachment of the placenta and compression of uterine blood vessels- Delivery of the afterbirth (placenta and membranes) occurs ~30 minutes after birth- All placenta fragments must be removed to prevent postpartum bleedingII. Medical Indications for C-sections- Fetal Distress- Cephalic Pelvic Disproportion= labor not progressing- Failure to Progress- Previous C section- Placenta Previa- Placenta abruptio- Umbilical cord prolapse- Breech or transverse presentation- Active infection of the vaginal canal i.e. herpes- Twin pregnancyPlacenta previa= placenta covering where baby should be passedDuring C-section- cut/separate between the rectus abdominisIII. Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life- Neonatal period: four-week period immediately after birth- Physical status is assessed 1–5 minutes after birth- Apgar score: 0–2 points each for o Heart rateo Respirationo Coloro Muscle toneo Reflexeso Score of 8–10: healthy by 5 minuteso Usually closer to 7 at minute 1IV. First Breath- CO2 ® central acidosis ® stimulates respiratory control centers to trigger the first inspirationo Requires tremendous effort: airways are tiny and the lungs are collapsedo Surfactant in alveolar fluid helps reduce surface tension- Respiratory rate: ~45 per minute for first two weeks, then declinesV. Transitional Period- Unstable period lasting 6–8 hours after birth- Alternating periods of activity and sleep- Vital signs may be irregular during activity- Stabilizes with waking periods occurring every 3–4 hoursVI. Occlusion of Fetal Blood Vessels- Umbilical arteries and vein constrict and become fibrosed- Proximal umbilical arteries ® superior vesical arteries to urinary bladder- Distal umbilical arteries ® medial umbilical ligaments- Umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres- Ductus venosus ® ligamentum venosum- Foramen ovale ® fossa ovalis- Ductus arteriosus ® ligamentum arteriosumVII. Lactation- Production of milk by the mammary glands- Toward the end of pregnancyo Placental estrogens, progesterone, and lactogen stimulate the hypothalamus to release prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs)o Anterior pituitary releases prolactin- Colostrumo Yellowish secretion rich in vitamin A, protein, minerals, and IgA antibodies o Released the first 2–3 dayso Followed by true milk production- Suckling initiates a positive feedback mechanism- Oxytocin causes the letdown reflexVIII. Advantages of Breast Milk- Fats and iron are easily absorbed; amino acids more easily metabolized, compared with cow’s milk- Beneficial chemicals: IgA, complement, lysozyme, interferon, and lactoperoxidase- Interleukins and prostaglandins prevent overzealous inflammatory responses- Natural laxative effect helps eliminate bile-rich meconium, helping to prevent physiological jaundice- Encourages bacterial colonization of the large intestineIX. Assisted Reproductive Technology- Surgical removal of oocytes following hormone stimulation- Fertilization of oocytes- Return of fertilized oocytes to the woman’s body- In vitro Fertilization (IVF)o Oocytes and sperm are incubated in culture dishes for several dayso Embryos (two-cell to blastocyst stage) are transferred to uterus forpossible implantation- Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)o Fertilized oocytes are transferred to the uterine tubes- Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)o Sperm and harvested oocytes are transferred together into the uterine


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