BIOB 272 1st editionLecture 38Outline of Last Lecture Behavioral EvolutionI. The Evolution of BehaviorsII. Russian Silver Fox Domestication ExampleIII. Individual Genes Can Have Large Influences on BehaviorIV. Vertebrate BrainsV. Tool Use of the Crows of New CaledoniaVI. Proximate Studies vs. Ultimate Studiesa. Example: Herring Gull ChicksVII. Individual Selection vs. Group SelectionVIII. Benefits and Cost of SocialityOutline of Current Lecture Behavioral Evolution Day 2- Overview of the ClassI. Dilution EffectII. Cooperative ForagingIII. The 4 Types of Social Interactionsa. Cooperativeb. Selfishc. Spiteful d. AltruisticThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IV. Inclusive Fitnessa. Direct Fitnessb. Indirect FitnessV. Hamilton’s RuleVI. Prairie Dog ExampleCurrent LectureBehavioral Evolution Day 2- Overview of the ClassI. Dilution Effect: living in large groups reduces the chance of individual mortality= selfish herdII. Cooperative Foraging= group hunting: higher per individual resource acquisition through hunting in packs of wild dogsIII. The 4 Types of Social Interactionsa. Cooperative: actor & recipient benefitb. Selfish: actor benefit, recipient harmedc. Spiteful: actor and recipient harmed (very rare)d. Altruistic: actor harmed, recipient benefitIV. Inclusive Fitness: an individual’s total fitness from direct and indirect sources- the fitness benefit of a behavior depends on:a. Direct Fitness- direct benefits to actorb. Indirect Fitness- benefits to related individual= kin- needs to be relatedV. Hamilton’s Rule: Br-C >0- An allele will spread if Br-C >0 is trueB=benefit to recipientC=cost to actorr= relatedness=¼ if half-siblings, ½ if full-siblings, 1/8 if cousins- Natural selection for alleles that increase indirect fitness= kin selectionVI. Prairie Dog Example: altruistic?- Alarm calling to warn colonies when predators are coming decreases potential survival of actor- so why do it?- Alarm calling more frequent when callers are closely related to others in the colony- changes in proximity to kin= indirect fitness- Actor benefits through relatedness to
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