Boil 2457 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 1– 34Lecture 1 Basic 7 attributes to living things, Magical thinking, understand what it is and isn’t, Basic components of scientific method, Should understand membranes, General questions over systems ex: if I give u these functions, what system is it (11 systems), Understand levels of organizations, What homeostasis is and the mechanisms, cause one end effect on the otherKNOW THE DIRECTION IT GOES INBasic 7 attributes to living things:-Metabolism: produce energy -Responsiveness: respond an effect -Movement: motion of body-Growth: increase in body size-Different levels of organization: organize simple to complex substances -Reproduction: formation of new cells -Evolution: reproduction, natural selection, geneticsMagical thinking, understand what it is and isn’t:-the act of saying something makes it true, such as in an inaugural or marital rite.Other theories propose that magic is effective because symbols are able to change internal psycho-physical states. They claim thatthe act of expressing a certain anxiety or desire is reparative in itself.-Its not fantasies, unconscious lies, and the False Self, its positive attitudes.Basic components of scientific method:-observation-Hypothesis-Experiment-Conclusion (theory)-LawShould understand membranes:-Serous membrane (thin, double layered), parietal and lateral layer, secretes a fluid to reduce friction from muscle movement Pleura- surrounds lungPericardium- surrounds heartPeritoneum- surrounds organsGeneral questions over systems ex: if I give u these functions, what system is it (11 systems):Integumentary: protect, help regulate body temp, vitamin D, detects touch(hair)(skin)Skeletal:Supports, protects body, aids body movement, stores minerals and lipidsMuscular: Produces body movementsNervous: Action potentials, changes in body internal and external environment, responds by secretion orcontractionEndocrine: Releases hormones from a gland or tissue to an organCardiovascular: heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood caries oxygen Digestive:Eliminates wastes and absorbs nutrientsUrinary: water balance, maintain salts and water acidic and basic Lympathic: returns proteins to blood, lymphocytes protect against diseasesRespiratory:Oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide to airReproductive: Produce gametes to form new organismUnderstand levels of organizations:things are complex but organizedWhat homeostasis is and the mechanisms, cause one end effect on the other:KNOW THE DIRECTION IT GOES IN-Balance in body, if homeostasis is immoderate a disorder or disease ay occur -Receptor -> Afferent -> Control Center -> Efferent -> EffectorLecture 2 Anatomical terms anterior, anatomical terms posterior, directional terms, cavities, quadrants, positive and negative feedback Anatomical terms Anterior Cephalic (Head)Cranial (Skull) and Facial (Face)Frontal (Forehead)Temporal (Temple)Orbital or ocular (Eyes)Otic (Ear)Buccal (Cheek)Nasal (Nose)Oral (Mouth)Mental (Chin)Cervical (Neck)Thoraic (Chest)Sternal (Breastbone) and Mammary (Breast)Axillary (Armpit)Brachial (Arm)Abdominal (Abdomen)Umbilical (Navel) and Coxal (Hip)Antecubital (Front of elbow)Antebrachial (Forearm)Carpal (Wrist)Palmar (palm)Digital or phalanges (fingers) Pollex (Thumb)Manual (Hand)Pelvic (Pelvis)Inguinal (Groin)Pubic (pubis)Femoral (Thigh)Patellar (Kneecap)Crural (Leg)Pedel (Foot)Tarsal (Ankle) and Digital or Phalanges (Toes)Dorsum (Top of foot) and Hollux (Great big toe)Anatomical Terms Posterior Cephalic Occipital (Base of skull)Upper Limb Acromial (Shoulder)Scapular (Shoulder blade)Vertebral (Spinal column)Dorsal (Back)Cubital (Elbow)Lumbar (Loin)Dorsum (Back of hand)Lower LimbSacral (Between hips)Coccyx (Tailbone)Gluteal (Butt)Perineal (Between anus and external genitals)Popliteal (Behind knee)Crural (Calf)Plantar (Soles)Calcaneal (Heel)Direction references, medial, lateral, superior inferior etc (Give portion of body and say blank is blank to what) Superior – AboveInferior – Below Anterior –FrontPosterior – Back Medial –Middle Lateral- Side Intermediate- in between two structuresIpslateral- same side Contralateral- opposite sideProximal- Closer to limb Distal- distant from limbSuperficial- On surfaceDeep- Away from surfaceKNOW CAVITIESCranial CavityThoraic Cavity Abdominopelvic CavityKnow quadrants Right upper(liver, right kidney), left upper(stomach, left kidney)Right lower(Appendix, right leg), left lower(colon, small intestine)Negative and positive feedbackNegative- reverses change in control condition(if house gets too hot, ac turns on), maintain the balance in homeostasis Positive- Reinforce a change in body controlled conditions, sequential, like child birth, happens in an instant fast responseLecture 3Know your bonds, charges, Atomic weight number, Understand Ph; buffers work (take some very highly acidic and make it less acidic and vise versa), Know your bonds, charges -Protons are positive -Neutrons have no charge -Electrons are negative-Chemical Bonds: Hold together atoms of a molecule or compoundCovalent Bonds: Strongest bond, Share electrons to fill up outer valence shellIonic bonds: 2nd strongest, hold ions with opposite chargesCations (Gives up an electron so its positive) Anions (Receives electron, so its negative)Hydrogen bonds: Weakest bond,attracts a partial negative with a partial positive, easily brokenAtomic weight number-Number of protons in the nucleusUnderstand Ph; buffers work (take some very highly acidic and make it less acidic and vise versa)-Below 7 is acidic and has more hydrogen, like lemon juice or cabbage -Above 7 is basic or alkaline and has more hydroxyls, like milk of magnesia, or lye-7 is neutral and example is water -Strong Acid + Weak Base = Weak Acid + Salt-Strong Base + Weak Acid = Weak Base + Salt -Strong Acid + Strong Base = Salt + Water-Buffers work by resisting to change, adding basic or acid wont change it, Neutralizes the hydrogens and the hydroxyls Lecture 4 Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, Monosachharides polysaccharides… etc, Mono tri polyglyericides… Know relationships between oxygen and hydrogen bn fats and sugers, ATP, ADP?? DNA RNA Base pairs know structure of nucleotide, Active sites and enzymesDehydration synthesis and hydrolysis -Dehydration is removing a water molecule-Hydrolysis is gaining a water moleculeMonosachharides polysaccharides… etcMonosaccharide: single sugar molecule like glucose or fructose Polysaccharide: Many sugars (store
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