Exam outline:Exam ReviewKey TermsLecture ILecture IILecture IIILecture IVLecture VLecture VIOverview of UnitLecture ILecture IILecture IIILecture IVLecture VLecture VIBio Sci 150 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideExam outline:Mainly Lecture NotesReview outlines – Key40 multiple-choice questionsExam ReviewKey TermsLecture IEcology: The scientific study of the interaction between organisms and their environment- Biotic factors: other organisms- Abiotic factors: physical & chemicalInvasive species: exotics that spreadClimate Change: climatic zones may shift faster than trees can migrate via seed dispersal resulting in extinctionBehavior: how animals respond to their environment- Proximate (mechanistic): how a behavior occurs in terms of anatomical and physiological mechanisms- Ultimate (evolutionary): why a behavior occurs. Its effect on reproductive success or survivalCognition: ability to form new associations or insightsLearning: change in behavior as a result of imitation and trial and errorReciprocal Altruism: An exchange of fitness benefits separated in timeCommunication: use of signals to modify the behavior of othersHamilton’s rule explains how alleles for altruistic behavior can be maintained by Natural Selection- Hamilton’s rule: a behavior will be favored by selection when:o [Benefits (to recipient) x relatedness] > Costs (to altruist)Kin selection: the tendency for individuals to help close relatives produce more offspring, even at their own expenseLecture II Population: a group of individuals of the same species living in the same areaDemography: study of factors that influence the size and structure of populations through timeLife tables: summarize the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given year over the course of its lifetime.Survivorship curve: plots numbers of surviving individuals at each ageLife History: How an organism allocates resources to reproduction and survivalReproductive Strategies:- Semelparity: produce all offspring in single reproductive event, individuals reproduce once and die- Iteroparity: reproduce in successive years or breeding seasonsExponential growth: When r > 0, population increase is rapidAge Structure: Relative numbers of individuals in each defined age groupTotal fertility rate: average number of live births a woman has during her lifetimeEcological Foot Print: Total land area used for food, shelter, clothing, energy, travel, etcLecture III Communities – assemblages of species that interact with each other.Intraspecific – between individuals of the same speciesInterspecific – between individuals of different speciesExploitation competition – organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of a limited resourceInterference competition – individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidationHabitat: where an organism lives; its “address”Niche: ecological role of an organism; its “job”Consumption: one species benefits, other does notParasitism: organisms live on tissue of hostPredation: predator-prey relationshipsHerbivory: animals eat plants- Aposematic coloration => advertises unpalatable preyo Batesian mimicry: unpalatable species is mimicked by a palatable specieso Müllerian mimicry: unpalatable species converge to reinforce warningParasitism - One organism (parasite) feeds off another (host), but does not normally kill it outrightMutualism – a type of interaction that is beneficial to both species involved. (+/+)Lecture IVSuccession – the recovery and development of communities after a disturbance occurs.Primary succession - starts from bare rockSecondary succession - starts from soilProductivity – grams of biomass produced per unit of timeResistance – how much is a community affected by disturbance?Resilience – how quickly does a community recover after disturbance?Lecture VEcosystems - All the organisms in a community and their abiotic environmentBiomes – A broad type of terrestrial ecosystemFood chain – Feeding relationships between trophic levelsNet Primary Productivity - energy invested in new tissue by autotrophsEvapotranspiration – a measure of temperature and water availabilityBiogeochemical Cycle – The path an element takes as it moves from abiotic systems through living organisms and back againLecture VIRestoration Ecology – restoring damaged ecosystemsEdge Effect - the changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitatsLECTURE QUESTION If you were studying the effects of hormones on the development of song in sparrows, then you would be studying:- Proximate mechanisms- Innate behavior- Ultimate mechanisms- Stereotyped behaviorWhich of the following types of interactions is INCORRECTLY paired with its effects on the two interacting species?- Predation – one benefits, other loses- Parasitism – one benefits, other loses- Competition – both benefit- Mutualism – both benefitThe 2007 IPCC report indicates that:- Global climate change is causing low oxygen “dead zones” in the oceans off Louisiana and India- Global climate change is due to natural causes such as sunspot activity and recent volcanic eruptions- Global climate change is due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic (human) causes- Global change is primarily due to CO2 releases from deforestationOverview of UnitLecture I- Ecology - the scientific study of the interaction between organisms and their environment- Levels of ecological organization – Individual (organism), Population, Community, Ecosystem- Behaviors can be proximate (how) or ultimate (why), and differ in learning (innate or learned) and flexibility (stereotyped or condition-dependent)- Most behaviors are selfish – altruistic behaviors can often be attributed to kin selection- Hamilton’s Rule: altruistic behavior will be favored when Benefits x Relatedness > CostsLecture II- I + B = D + E- Exponential and logistic growth- Carrying capacity- Density-independent- Density-dependent factors- Demography – study of factors that influence size and structure of populations- Life History – schedule of reproduction and deathLecture III - Different types of species interactionso Mutualism o Competitiono Consumption (Parasitism, Predation, Herbivory) o Commensalism- Fundamental/Realized Niches & Competitive ExclusionLecture IV- Productivity: total biomass per unit time - Communities are often not stable and predictable - Hypotheses for greater