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UM BIOB 272 - Behavioral Evolution
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BIOB 272 1st Edition Lecture 37Outline of Last Lecture Guest Lecture- The Deadly 1918 Flu Virus by EmlenI. Flu Statistics and StructureII. The Flu Virus SelectionIII. The 1918 Flu- How Spread So Fast- Missoula/ Montana Statistics- Final Count Infected/killed- Recreating the VirusIV. 2009 Swine FluV. 2015- Current OutbreakOutline of Current Lecture Behavioral EvolutionI. The Evolution of BehaviorsII. Russian Silver Fox Domestication ExampleIII. Individual Genes Can Have Large Influences on BehaviorIV. Vertebrate BrainsV. Tool Use of the Crows of New CaledoniaVI. Proximate Studies vs. Ultimate StudiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Example: Herring Gull ChicksVII. Individual Selection vs. Group SelectionVIII. Benefits and Cost of SocialityCurrent LectureBehavioral EvolutionI. The Evolution of Behaviors- Behaviors are complex phenotypes that often vary within populations- Often quantitative trait (Vp= Vg+Ve)- Heritable portion= complex polygenic genetic basis- Can respond to selection and evolveo Can evolve rapidly in response to selection by selectiono Studies show strong responses in mice to selection for activity and aggression.o Selection in great tits for exploration behavior results in strong responses over a few generationsII. Russian Silver Fox Domestication Example= behavioral selection- Belyaev in 1959 in Siberia started selecting for foxes for certain furs- He was exiled from Siberia because was illegal to do studies like this- Large responses within 10 generation- still maintained 50 years later- Found that this domestication resulted in lots of domesticated dog-like behaviors/ phenotypic traits= floppy ears, wagging tail, reduced adrenaline etc.- Actually changed fur as well- more soft and dog-like- Parallel research also on ratsIII. Individual Genes Can Have Large Influences on Behavior- For example: prairie voleso Social monogamous except some “promiscuous” oneso Promiscuous/monogamous voles have a gene that varies between high and low V1aRIV. Vertebrate Brains- Divided into specialized regions- The organization is relatively conserved- Certain vertebrates have more/less neurons dedicated to each part of the body in the somatosensory cortexV. Tool Use of the Crows of New Caledonia- Crows are able to make tools to obtain food i.e. a stick with a hook on the end to get larvae out of holes in the tree- Studies have shown them getting food out of various tubes filled with water by choosing correct rocks to increase the height of the water with the floating food=shows they understand densityVI. Proximate Studies vs. Ultimate Studies- Proximate Studies: focus on HOW behaviors are elicited through physiological and genetic mechanisms- Ultimate Studies: focuses on WHY behaviors have evolved including the relationship between behavior, fitness, and ecological context i.e. behavioral ecology- Example: Herring Gull Chicks: o Shows that complex behaviors can be triggered by innate sensitivity to stimulio Niko Tinbergen did a study on the effects of putting certain color dots beaks of Herring mother and how that correlated with their chicks begging response- showed that it is an innate response VII. Individual Selection vs. Group Selection- Individual Selection: differential fitness of individuals causes some genotypes to outcompete others- Group Selection: differential fitness of groups causes some groups to outcompeteothers- Individual is generally more powerful than group selecitiono Ind. Selection happens more rapidly and more reliably than groupo Organisms are reproductively selfisho Immediat fitness consequences determine the success of an allele, irrespective of the ultimate outcome i.e. selection for good of the group/species unlikelyVIII. Benefits and Cost of Sociality- Benefits: increased vigilance, dilution effect, enhanced defense capability, improved defense of critical resources- Costs: increased conspicuousness to predators, increased competition for food, increased competition for mates, decreased certainty of paternity/maternity, increased transmission f disease/parasiteso Increased disease/parasite


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UM BIOB 272 - Behavioral Evolution

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