BIO 370 1st EditionExam# 4 Study Guide Lectures: 20–25Speciation & Co-speciation (Lecture #20)- Be familiar with these species concepts.o Typologicalo Morphospecieso Biological specieso Phylogenetic/geneaologicalo Evolutionaryo Recognitiono Cohesion species- Think about how species form and what that process entails.o Divergence- What are barriers to gene flow?o Physical blocks Allopatric speciation- Review the pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms.- Be able to explain why species that have diverged cannot interbreed.o Genetic incompatibility- Know all about the experiments/contributions of Coyne and Orr.- Understand what Dobzhansy-Muller incompatibility is.- Be aware of the concept of Haldane’s rule.o Heterogametic sex sterility- Know about sympatric speciation and whether it can occur.Origin and Diversification of Life (Lecture #21)- Know what co-evolution and co-speciation is.o Be able to define these related interactions. Mutualistic Competitive Antagonistic- Be familiar with Ehrlich and Raven’s proposal and its significance.- Understand symbiosis.o Microbial communitieso Animal models- Questions about life.o How did it originate? Be aware of the assumptions.o What is it?o How can we study it?- Know about the Urey-Miller experiment.o Abiotic synthesis- Evolution and RNA, DNA, proteins.- Know of earth’s history.o Dating methodso Geological timescaleFossil Record and Extinctions (Lecture #22)- Know the major events in the different time periods.o Precambriano Paleozoico Mesozoico Cenozoic- Be informed on the Great Oxidation Event (GOE)- Review the evolution of organelles.o Mitochondria- Know about the pre-Cambrian period.o The Cambrian Explosion- Define continental drift and brainstorm its significance over time.- Know the origin of:o Birdso Mammals- Review the 5 mass extinctions and their causes.o At end of Ordovician Devonian Permian Triassic Cretaceous- Also know the Holocene extinction.o 6th extinction- Know about the Red Queen hypothesis.Human Evolution I: Fossil Evidence (Lecture #23)- What supports the concept of ancient divergence?o Fossils- Review the example of Ramapithecus- Know about the molecular studies done in relation to the great apes.o Qualitative/quantitative analysiso Goodmano Sarich/Wilson Immunologyo Darwin/Huxley- Review the advantages of genotypic over phenotypic markers.- Be able to describe ways in which humans are unique from other species.o Compare to that of chimpanzees- Know of the fossil evidence pertaining to humans.- Define hominins/hominids.- Identify these species and know characteristics of each.o Sahelanthropustchadensis Toumaio Orrorintugenensis Milleniium mano Ardipithecuso Australopithecus africanus afarensiso Homo habilis erectus heidelbergensis neanderthalenesis sapiensHuman Evolution II: Molecular Evidence (Lecture #24)- Define homologous genes.- Selecting the right molecule to study depends on:o Fast evolving oneo Which species to be comparedo Easiness of acquiring data- Know all about mitochondrial DNA and its relationship to studying evolution.- Obtaining DNA from fossils, know its significance.o How do you know if there is DNA?o How long does it survive?o Is there contamination?o Know the origins.- Realize the importance of PCR and the breakthrough impact it had.- Humans and Neanderthals interbreed?Man and Mankind Adapting(Lecture #25)- What makes humans unique?- Know these types of selections.o Purifyingo Positiveo Neutral evolution- Review the Ka/Ks test.o Synonymous vs. nonsynonymous- Genes and their uniqueness to humans, are there some?- Know about the changes in mutations over time.o Rate changeo De novo mutationso Migration patternso Infectious agents AIDS- Be informed of the maintenance done through a balancing