Fayette County West Virginia Train Derailment Environmental fate of organic pollutants 3 10 and lecture notes 1 2 PCB was found in black crowned nightherons near Lake Calumet Illinois 3 http www news uiuc edu WebsandThumbs Levengood J Multiple b jpg 4 What will happen when a chemical is released to the environment Organic chemical pollutants A new chemical is to be manufactured Will its manufacture or use pose significant environmental risks If there are risks what are the exposure pathways Will the chemical degrade if it is released into the environment or will it persist 5 6 1 Estimated number of hazardous waste sites and cleanup costs for 2004 2033 Total Cost 209 Billion NPL 32B RCRA CA 45B State Private 30B UST 16B DOD 33B DOE 35B Civilian Agencies 19B Total Sites 294 000 NPL 736 RCRA CA 3800 UST 125 000 DOD 6400 EPA Superfund NPL RCRA Corrective Action DOE and DOD have sites that are usually larger and more complex Common contaminants solvents and nonionic organic chemicals metals and petroleum products Scenario 1 I wanted to save money so I decided to change oil for my car myself instead of taking it to the mechanic After draining the old oil out in a container I had no idea what to do with it I just left the oil out in the container open to the air somewhere in my garage What may happen A Nothing happen B Oil evaporates the whole garage smells C Oil boils D I got to pay a big fine to the state EPA E I got a bad headache State Private 150 000 7 DOE 5000 Civilian Agencies 3000 8 Cleaning up the Nation s Waste Sites EPA 2004 Vapor pressure 9 Vapor pressure 10 Will the oil evaporate Saturated vapor pressure is defined as that partial pressure of the gas phase of a substance that exists in equilibrium with the liquid phase of the pure substance at a given temperature For example vapor pressure of oil is 0 25 atm at 25 C For liquid oil in a container at equilibrium the partial pressure of oil in the surrounding area is 0 25 atm 11 Given vapor pressure of oil is 0 25 atm at 25 C What is partial pressure of the oil initially 12 2 After 1 week it smelled so bad I wanted to know whether the oil will continue to evaporate I take an air sample and found out that the partial pressure of the oil in my garage is below vapor pressure 0 25 atm Will the oil continue to evaporate Yes until the partial pressure is equal to vapor pressure A Yes B No 13 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AMONG ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA 14 Ideal Gas Law n P V RT P pressure V volume n moles R gas constant T temperature PV nRT EPIWin software 15 The chemical 1 4 dichlorobezene 1 4 DCB is used in an enclosed area At 20 C the saturated vapor pressure of DCB is 5 3 10 4 atm What would be the concentration of DCB in the air of the enclosed area in units g m3 at 20 C Molecular weight of DCB is 147 g mole R 0 08205Latm moleK 16 n P 5 3 10 4 atm moles 2 2 10 5 V RT 0 08205 Latm 293K L molK concentration 2 2 10 5 moles 1000 L 147 g g 3 2 3 L m3 mole m A 3 2 g m3 B 0 32 g m3 C 32 g m3 D None of the above 17 18 3 As temperature increases vapor pressure increases The vapor pressure of a chemical is directly proportional to the inverse of the chemicals boiling point Tenv Tb compound is in gas phase and immediate air pollution is likely Tm Tenv Tb compound is in liquid phase and immediate water pollution is likely Atmospheric concentration of volatile substances is higher in winter A True B False 19 20 Persistent Organic Pollutants POP Degrade very slowly PERSISTENT Cause toxic effects on animal reproduction development and immunological function Examples PCB DDT dioxin Persistent Organic Pollutants ABC Landline Atmospheric concentration of volatile substances is higher in day time A True B False 21 Why Persistent Organic Pollutant POP migrate to the arctic Artic wildlife and human is unfairly burden by POP What sustainable solution for chemical use 23 do you propose 22 The chemical 1 4 dichlorobenzene 1 4 DCB is sometimes used as a disinfectant in public lavatories An alternative disinfectant is 1bromo 4 chlorobenzene l 4 CB The boiling point of l 4 CB is 196 C whereas the boiling point of l 4 DCB is 180 C Which compound would cause the highest concentrations in the air in lavatories Explain your answer A 1 4 DCB B 1 4 CB 24 4 The chemical 1 4 dichlorobenzene 1 4 DCB is sometimes used as a disinfectant in public lavatories An alternative disinfectant is 1bromo 4 chlorobenzene l 4 CB The boiling point of l 4 CB is 196 C whereas the boiling point of l 4 DCB is 180 C Which compound would cause the highest concentrations in the air in lavatories Explain your answer 1 L of solvent PCE is spilled on a laboratory floor The lab has volume 340 m3 and the temperature is 25 C The vapor pressure of PCE is 0 025 atm the liquid density of PCE is 1 62 g cm3 the MW is 166 g mole Gas constant R 0 082 L atm mole K What fraction of spilled PCE is in the air phase A 1 4 DCB lower boiling point so higher vapor pressure thus higher concentration in air B 1 4 CB IDENTIFY THE KEYWORDS AND KEY INFORMATION WHAT DO YOU NEED TO CALCULATE 25 1 L of solvent PCE is spilled on a laboratory floor The lab has volume 340 m3 and the temperature is 25 C The vapor pressure of PCE is 0 025 atm the liquid density of PCE is 1 62 g cm3 the MW is 166 g mole Gas constant R 0 082 L atm mole K What fraction of spilled PCE is in the air phase 26 Total mass of PCE 1L 1 62 g 1000cm3 1mole 9 76moles cm3 L 166 g WHAT DO YOU NEED TO CALCULATE Concentration of PCE in air phase but How 27 PV nRT 1000 L m3 348mole L atm 0 082 298K mole K Maximum amount of PCE could be in air phase is 348 moles n PV RT 0 025atm 340m3 Now you have the concentration of PCE in air phase but How to find what fraction of PCE in air phase 29 28 At equilibrium we can have 348 moles of PCE in the air we have 9 76 moles of PCE in total What is the fraction of spilled PCE will be found in the air A 0 B 50 C 100 D None of the above 30 5 What controls the amount of herbicide atrazine in water Scenario 2 There were too much weeds in my …