000000000000000Labor, Working and Sexual HarassmentTimeline- 1800- 5% of women worked outside of home- 1900- 30%- 2009- 59%Labor Force Participation Rates % Population 16 & olderYear Men Women2008 73 59.52018 70.6 58.7The Great Depression 1920s-1930s- Many women entered the labor force to supplement income- Majority were marriedAs a Result…- Many states produced laws limiting or eliminating job opportunities for married women- Kept women from competing for jobs with men- Kept women at home- Employment relief services often did not help womenWWII- 1940s- Large percentage of men enlisted in military- Lack of labor force produced jobs for women- This included heavy industry- Government recruited women to work as a sign of patriotism- Childcare funded and provided by governmentHowever…- Many women laid off when men returned to work - Childcare provided by the government was discontinued- Government encouraged women to return to ”their place” at homeChanges for women at work- Equal pay- Job integration- Sexual Harassment LawsEqual pay for equal work- In 1872, congress passes law that federal employees all make same wages despite sex - In 1963, Equal pay act- making it illegal for employers to pay a woman less that what a man would receive for the same jobWhat is the Wage Gap?- The difference in income b/w men and women- On average: Men make $40,668 per year, Women $30,742- On average, a woman will lose $522,000 in unequal payToday’s wage gap-Women earn approximately $.755 per every $1.00 men earn today-Resulted from falling male wages NOT increasing women’s wagesWhy is there a wage gap?- Difference in pay for jobs occupied by men and women- Rate of promotion and hiring ratio- Difficulty maintaining a job in a field occupied primarily by men- Quality of jobs available for women- Consequences for pregnancy and pre/postnatal care- Less hours worked than men because of household responsibilities- Pressure NOT to workThe Childcare Debate- Men can choose to have children and choose to e admitted to the workforce because they’ve already established that women will be doing the caring work, relieving them of the work-family conflictOccupational Sex Segregation- The degree to which men and women are concentrated in occupations in which workers of one sex predominateWhy is there a gender segregation?- Women and men are socialized differently and choose to go into different fields- Structural obstacles discourage women from entering male-dominated jobs and from advancing once employedSocial Networks (structural)- Homogenous networks (same race, sex, sexual orientation) work against greater integration of workplace- Managerial positions tend to be filled through informal networksSolutions:- Formal mentoring programs- Recruitment from outside- Establish formal integrated networksProblematic Personnel Practices- Stereotypes still govern hiring practices- Perceptions of motherhood is still an issue- Homosocial reproduction= assumption that people like you will make decisions in the way you