1What is Anthropology?Anthropos=Logos=What it means to be humanIntroduction to AnthropologyChapter 1The study of humankind integrates sociology, economics, history, psychology, and biology.Four (4) major subfields•Cultural•Linguistics•Archaeology• Biological (Physical)Share a concept: cultureCulture• Strategies humans use to adapt to their natural environment:Marriage and familyGender rolesValuesReligionClothingHousing typesSubsistence patternsTechnologies2Culture and Evolution•Over time, cultural and biology interacted. • Humans are said to be the result of biocultural evolution. • Biocultural interactions resulted in anatomical, biological and behavioral changes.Cultural Seek to know about peoplesCultureFieldworkparticipant observationCultural • Ethnography•descriptive• Ethnology•Cross cultural•comparativeAreas of Expertise:Urban anthropologyMedical Anthropology3Linguistic Anthropology• Study of the origin of language and speech.• The use of language is a unique human characteristic. Linguistic Relationships between languagesLanguage structure and originSlangDialectLanguage and Culture• How do members of a society perceive phenomena?• How does the use of language shape perceptions? Archaeology• Study and interpretation of material remains recovered from earlier cultures.• Information about culture comes from artifacts and material culture left by early hominids.4ArchaeologySeek to know of peoplesfrom “stuff” (artifacts) left behindMaterial cultureExcavationsArchaeology subfieldHistoric—e.g. ceramicsPrehistoric—e.g. lithicsAreas of expertise:ZooarchaeologyGeoarchaeologyAreas of employment e.g. CRM Biological anthropology can demonstrate1. how human populations vary2. that past populations have evolved3. that modern human populations are evolving - changing through time5Physical/Biological AnthropologyPhysical Anthropology• Study of human biology in the framework of evolution.• Many physical anthropologists emphasize the interaction between biology and culture.Paleoanthropology•study of human evolution6Primatologystudy of nonhuman primatesHumanVariationBiological study areas and specializationsMolecular AnthropologyOsteologyPaleopathologyForensic anthropology7Physical Anthropologyand the Scientific Method• State the research problem. • Develop a hypothesis.• Test the hypothesis through data collection and analysis.• If the hypothesis is verified, it becomes a theory.Evolution A change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next.– Genetic alterations within populations: microevolution.– Genetic change resulting in the appearance of a new species: