PSY 322 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Final Exam (Chapter 12-15)PSY 322 Exam 4 Study Guide:Chapter 12 (Starts on page 416)1) What is the DSM-5 criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? What are the essential features of PTSD? (page 417-418)-PTSA is defined by a characteristic set of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms that emerge following exposure to a catastrophic or traumatic event. A traumatic event is a psychological stressor that involves actual or threatened death, serious or physical injury, or sexual violation. To be diagnosed, a person must be exposed to the event in at least one of four ways… (a) by directly experiencing the event, (b) by witnessing the event in person, (c) by learning that the event occurred to a close family member or friend, or (d) by firsthand exposure to aversive details of the event (first responders, etc). (TABLE 12.1 on page 418 shows diagnostic criteria for PTSD)2) What is main difference between PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder? (page 424)-PTSD symptoms must occur after a traumatic event and last for at least one month. Acute stress disorder is diagnosed when people show PTSD symptoms for at least 3 days but less than one month. Symptoms fall into five clusters (on pg 424)3) What is true regarding the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD in children 6 years and younger? (page 423)-TABLE 12.2 on page 423 shows diagnostic criteria for PTSD in children 6 years and younger-Very young children do not show PTSD the same way as older children. They have difficulty articulating their fears and thoughts. DSM-5 requires the presence of at least one intrusive symptom, such as recurrent memories or thoughts about the event, distressing dreams, dissociative symptoms, or distress when confronted with people or places associated with the trauma. Preschoolers symptomsare expressed in terms of actions or observable behaviors because its often difficult for them to express their thoughts. 4) Define: depersonalization, derealization, dissociative fugue, and disorientation-Depersonalization (page 421): describes persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from one’s own body or mental processes. Derealization (page 421): involves persistent or recurrent thoughts and feelings that one’s surroundings are not real.Dissociative fugue:Disorientation:5) What are the brain components of the HPA axis? (page 428)-Immediately following a traumatic event, children who develop acute stress disorder or PTSD often show chronic over-activity of the HPA axis, even while at rest. HPA over-activity results in high baseline levels of cortisol, blood pressure, and heart rate, which can make these individuals unusually sensitive to threatening stimuli, hypervigilant, and prone to startle. (Look at TABLE 12.3 on page 428for more info)6) What best describes the research literature on “psychological debriefing”? Is it helpful or harmful? (page 431)-One of the most popular forms of treatment for victims of traumatic events. Technically, it is not a treatment but rather a method of helping victims cope with distressing mental images, thoughts, and feelings associated with a catastrophic event. -HARMFUL-- Although it might seem appropriate nearly all research has failed to show that it is effective in reducing psychological distress or preventing anxiety disorders, mood disorders, or PTSD. Research has even shown it to increase symptoms of PTSD in some individuals.7) What are essential components of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavior Therapy? (page 432)-involves exposing children to memories or stimuli associated with traumatic events and then encouraging them to think about and cope with trauma in more adaptive ways.-Early treatment sessions are used to teach families about PTSD-The therapist teaches the child coping skills to deal with anxiety associated with trauma-Gradually exposing children to stimuli or memories associated with the traumatic event-identifying and changing children’s maladaptive behaviors cognitions about the event8) What are drawbacks to EMDR? (page 433)-Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a technique developed to treat PTSD in adults -involves asking adult to generate a mental image related to the experience. With the image in mind, the patient is instructed to follow therapist’s moving finger and repeat current thoughts and feelings 9) In parent-child attachment, what does “experience-expectant” mean? (page 438)-Parent-child attachment is an experience-expectant process. Humans are predisposed to form attachments.10) Whose research is the DSM-5 conceptualization of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder based upon? (page 438)-Bowlby? Disorder caused by early deprivation. Children show a pattern of behavior that involves culturally and developmentally inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with strangers. (TABLE 12.4 on page 439 shows diagnostic criteria)11) What percent of married couples in the United States experience domestic violence?12) What is the most frequently occurring form of child maltreatment in the United States? (page 448)-Physical neglect is the most common form of neglect and the easiest to identify (pg 452)13) Review these attachment styles and know how they relate to child abuse and neglect: a) Insecure-ambivalent attachment, b) Insecure-avoidant attachment, c) Insecure-resistant attachment, d) Disorganized attachmenta. insecure-ambivalent: b. insecure-avoidant: c. insecure-resistantd. disorganized(page 456): children behave in bizarre, erratic, and unpredictable ways during the Ainsworth strange situation procedure.14) What are symptoms of sexual abuse in a 5-year-old child? (page 457)-Sexual abuse traumatizes children in four ways. It contributes to traumatic sexualization, feelings of betrayal, powerlessness, and stigmatization. 15) What is the goal of supportive therapy for children who have experienced physical abuse orneglect? (page 466- in summary)-The most common form of treatment given to abused and neglected children is supportive therapy. The goal is to help children cope with feelings and memories associated with their maltreatment and to improve their sense of self and relationships with others.Chapter 13 (starts on page 468)1. According to information presented in the text, why was Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder added to DSM-5? (page 475- green box and page 469)-Previous editions of the DSM did not have a diagnostic category that