Phil 201 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 21-26Lecture 21 (April 6)Descriptive vs. Normative vs. Moral ClaimsHow do descriptive claims differ from normative claims?-Descriptive claims are the truth while normative claims are your opinion.Not all normative claims are moral claims. Explain.-The normative claim is your opinion and you can have a bad opinion but you can’t have an immoral moral claimWhat is a moral claim?-A moral claim defines what is right and what is wrong according to your values and beliefsWhat are "values"?-Something we care about, they provide reasons to prefer one thing over another.Moral Foundations Theory (Jonathan Haidt)What are the original five values that Jonathan Haidt used to construct his moral foundations survey?-In-group, authority, purity, harm, fairnessWhy did he add "Liberty" as a sixth value? -Liberty is an important value for liberals and conservatives, but it is the most important value for libertarians, who do not fit easily on the traditional liberal left/conservative right political spectrum. How do the survey results help to characterize the moral psychology of liberals?-Reducing harm and the value of fairness dominate their moral psychologyHow do the survey results help to characterize the moral psychology of conservatives?-All of them are equal, but the first two (fairness and harm) are very importantHow does the moral psychology of libertarians differ from liberals and conservatives?-Liberty is an important value for liberals and conservatives, but it is the most important value for libertarians, who do not fit easily on the traditional liberal left/conservative right political spectrum. What are some of the social and cultural advantages of a conservative moral psychology?-That people have equality between all values, Haidt said “conservative morality is richer than liberal morality” Related: what is the adaptive social function served by values like Loyalty, Authority and Sanctity?-??????????????????????????????Related: what is the central conservative insight, according to Haidt?-Authority, Sanctity, and LoyaltyWhat are some of the moral and political downsides, or risks, associated with conservative moral psychology? -Conservatives have a less focus on reducing harm than liberal. Stereotypes can be bad because conservatives have in-group loyalty.Related: how are morally problematic practices like racism, sexism, tribalism, genocide, etc. related to conservative moral psychology?-In-group loyalty and giving people reasons and incentive to suppress their self-interest and cooperate in pursuit of common agenda.Haidt argues that our moral psychology "was designed by evolution to (1) unite us into teams, (2) divide us against other teams, and (3) blind us to the truth". What is the "truth" that he is referring to here?-We think our righteousness is justified (we are right, they are wrong)For Haidt, what does it mean to cultivate a sense of "moral humility"?-To get past our own sense of self-righteousness. Dual Process Theories of Human ReasoningWhat are "cognitive biases"?-Patterns how we form beliefs and make decisions that show systemic deviations from normatively rational behaviorWhat is "confirmation bias"?-Our tendency to focus attention on, remember, or seek out info that reinforces our beliefs and expectations. E.g. remembering a psychic correct predictions and forget incorrect predictions.What is the "anchoring effect"?-The tendency to use the first available piece of info. E.g. Using the sticker price of a jacket to anchor to make a judgment of hoe much that jacket is actually worthWhat is a "heuristic"?-Mental shortcuts to help solve a problem. E.g. see an orange jacket, assume construction worker.How are "fast" thinking processes (a.k.a. System 1 processes) different from "slow" (a.k.a. System 2 processes)?-The fast are relatively effortless, largely unconscious and governed by heuristics. What are some characteristic examples of fast (System 1) thinking processes?-Relatively effortless, unconscious, governed by heuristics.What are some characteristic examples of slow (System 2) thinking processes?-Slow, effortful, conscious, deliberate, analyticalHow do cognitive biases arise in the operation of fast (System 1) thinking processes?-May be adaptive in certain circumstances but when presented with different circumstances, may no longer be adaptive. E.g. our impulse to eat sweet and fatty foods may be adaptive inconditions of scarcity but now we are just fat, tubs of lard.How do cognitive biases arise in the operation of slow (System 2) thinking processes?- When system two is under cognitive load, is occupied with too many things at once or when the ability to focus and concentrate on a problem is otherwise compromised. It can also be lazy. E.g. Bad decisions happen when stressed.Dual Process Theories and Moral Judgment (Joshua Greene)For Haidt, what is a liberal moral psychology. How does it differ from a conservative moral psychology?-Sanctity, authority, and loyalty is more conservative but including all the values. Liberal is harm reducing, fairness.Haidt likes to use the "taste receptors" analogy -- that the different moral values that we respond to are like "moral taste buds". How does this analogy help us understand Haidt's view on the extent to which our moral psychology is "innate" vs "learned" and how different moral psychologies develop?-Taste buds are different between different cultures. They might have different tastes but it doesn’t mean they are gross.Haidt focuses on descriptive moral psychology, but he has a normative project in mind. What is his broader normative project? What is the moral take-away message that he wants to emphasize?-Liberals that often dominate educational places, a certain demographic pass off conservative ideas. This is a mistakeHow does Greene use the camera analogy to explain dual process theories of cognition? (What does System 1 correspond to, what does System 2 correspond to, etc.)How does Greene use the camera analogy to explain when System 1 intuitive judgments are useful and when System 2 reasoning is useful?What is the "trolley problem"? How do most people respond to the "switch" version, and how do most people respond to the "footbridge" version?Why is it reasonable to believe that our intuitive objection to pushing the person off the footbridge arises from a System 1 emotional judgment (an "automatic preset")? What is it reasonable to believe that our