BIOH 370 1st Edition Lecture 34Outline of Last Lecture Reproductive System Day 3I. OogenesisII. Maturation of an Ovum (Ovarian Cycle)III. The Female Reproductive CycleIV. Female Duct Systema. Uterine Tubesb. Uterus and Supporting Structureso Uterine Vascular SupplyOutline of Current Lecture Reproductive System Day 4I. The VaginaII. External Genitalia (Vulva or Pudendum)III. The Ovarian CycleIV. Effects of Estrogen and ProgesteroneV. Failure Rates for Birth Control MethodsVI. Mammary GlandsVII. Breast CancerVIII. Female Sexual ResponseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IX. STIsa. Gonorrheab. Syphilisc. ChlamydiaCurrent LectureReproductive System Day 4I. The Vagina:- Vagina is NOT the external orifice- Birth canal and organ of copulation - Extends between the bladder and the rectum from the cervix to the exterior - Urethra embedded in the anterior wallII. External Genitalia (Vulva or Pudendum):- Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis - Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds - Labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majorao Vestibule: recess between labia minora- Greater vestibular glandso Homologous to the bulbourethral glandso Release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication- Clitoriso Erectile tissue hooded by a prepuceo Glans clitoris: exposed portion- Perineumo Diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch and coccyx o Bordered by the ischial tuberosities laterallyIII. The Ovarian Cycle/ Female Reproductive Cycle:- During childhood, ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH- As puberty nears, GnRH is released; FSH and LH are released by the pituitary, and act on the ovaries- These events continue until an adult cyclic pattern is achieved and menarche occurs- If fertilization does not occuro Corpus luteum degenerateso Progesterone levels fallo Spiral arteries kink and spasmo Endometrial cells begin to dieo Spiral arteries constrict again, then relax and open wideo Rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughsIV. Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone:Estrogeno Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovaryo Exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tracto Support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at pubertyo Induce secondary sex characteristicso Growth of the breastso Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)o Widening and lightening of the pelviso Metabolic effectso Maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels= good cholesterolo Facilitates calcium uptakeProgesteroneo Progesterone works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycleo Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancyo Inhibits uterine motilityo Helps prepare the breasts for lactationo Mirena (birth control) works by inhibiting progesteroneV. Failure Rates for Birth Control MethodsVI. Mammary Glands:- Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes- Areola: pigmented skin surrounding the nipple- Suspensory ligaments: attach the breast to underlying muscle - Lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk - Milk ® lactiferous ducts ® lactiferous sinuses ® open to the outside at the nipple(a) Sagittal section Sagittal plane (b) Anterior view, partially sectioned Rib Pectoral fascia Intercostal muscles Suspensory ligament of the breast (Cooper’ s ligament) Pectoralis major muscle Lobule containing alveoli Secondary tubule Mammary duct Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Nipple Areola Areola Nipple Adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer VII. Breast Cancer:- Usually arises from the epithelial cells of small ducts- Risk factors include:Early onset of menstruation and late menopauseNo pregnancies or first pregnancy late in lifeFamily history of breast cancer - 10% are due to hereditary defects, including mutations to the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2VIII. Female Sexual Response:- Initiated by touch and psychological stimuli- The clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood- Vestibular gland secretions lubricate the vestibule- Orgasm is accompanied by muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmic contractions of the uterus- Females do not have a refractory period after orgasm and can experience multiple orgasms in a single sexual experience- Orgasm is not essential for conceptionIX. STIs:- Also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VDs)- The single most important cause of reproductive disordersa. Gonorrhea:- Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts- Spread by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosae - Signs and symptoms:- Maleso Urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus - Femaleso 20% display no signs or symptomso Abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleedingo Can result in pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility- Treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming prevalentb. Syphilisc.