Final Exam Study Guide Lectures: 9, 11, 12, 13 The exam is 50 multiple choice questions and covers chapters 9, 11, 12, and 13. Be sure to carefully read each chapter and that you understand the major points covered in the chapter summaries. **There will be exam questions based on your reading that we did notexplicitly discuss in class. **The exam will emphasize lecture material Chapter 12: Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders Lecture Materials: -Understand the nature of schizophrenia, including: •Positive versus negative symptoms -Positive Symptoms: presence of abnormal or excess of normal behavior [p. 450] • Delusions (beliefs that are not true) -Persecutory delusions: the belief that you are being watched or tormented by another person -Referential: the belief that random events are directed at or about them -Grandiose: that they have a special power, wealth, or insight -Erotomanic: that another person is in love with them -Delusions of thought control: that someone is controlling their thoughts •Capgras Syndrome: someone you know has been replaced by a double •Cotard’s Syndrome •Hallucinations -Auditory: hearing voices, music •Larry’s “friends” -Visual: seeing figures or strange perceptual changes -Tactile: something happening to the body -Somatic: something happening inside your body •Disorganized thought & speech -Derailment -Incoherence/word salad: tangentiality, neologisms (made up words), clangs (sounds) , & perseveration (echo) •Disorganized or catatonic behavior: an extreme lack of responsiveness to outside stimuli -Negative Symptoms: absence or insufficiency of normal behavior (like wearing a mask) [p. 452] •Affective flattening •Alogia (a general lack of additional, unprompted content seen in normal speech) PSYC 3023 1st EditionEdited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF EditorTo remove this notice, visit:www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping•Avolition (general lack of drive to perform activities or pursue meaningful goals) •The Genain quadruplets and how they provide an excellent case study of schizophrenia [p. 460] -Know the statistics related to schizophrenia, including: [p. 458] •Prevalence ~1% -AAO: •Often develops in early adulthood •Can emerge at any time •Differences between males and females -Equal male/female ratio •AAO differences -decreases with age for men, but opposite for women •Females better prognosis •Course of illness •Stress is thought to be a big stressor -Understand the causes of schizophrenia, including: [p. 459] •Neurochemical causes: Dopamine hypothesis and its problems •Neurobiological causes: enlarged ventricles, hypofrontality [p. 463] •Brain structural/ functional abnormalities [p. 465] -Enlarged ventricles -Hypofrontality – less active frontal lobes •A major dopamine pathway •Prenatal and Perinatal influences -Influenza? •Stress •Familial interactions [p. 467] -Ineffective communication patterns -High expressed emotion (EE) ! relapse -Understand treatments for schizophrenia, including: [p. 469] •Neuroleptics and their side effects •Behavioral, family therapy •Historical Precursors •Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications -Reduce or eliminate positive symptoms -Acute and permanent side effects •Extrapyramidal and Parkinsons-like symptoms •Ta r d i v e D y s k i n e s i a •Behavioral Approaches •Education & Skill Building -Social Skills Training -Independent Living Skills -Vocational Rehabilitation •Behavioral Family Therapy Text Materials:Carefully read and review chapter 12, with an emphasis on the following: •The cultural, psychological, and social influences on the development of schizophrenia [p. 459] •Obtaining a basic understanding of the other psychotic disorders reviewed in the text Chapter 9: Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Lecture Materials: -Understand normal vs. abnormal sexual behavior [p. 327] -Understand the development of sexual orientation [p. 330] -Understand gender dysphoria [p. 355] •Formerly “gender identity disorder” •What is Gender Dysphoria? -Incongruence between “assigned” (usually at birth) and experienced/expressed gender -Independent of sexual attraction/arousal •Prevalence: < 1% -more common in men •Causes unclear -Biological contributions? •Pseudohermaphrodites -Gender non-conformity and socialization •Understand the role of gender non-conformity behavior •Sex-reassignment as a treatment -Pre-requisites: live 1-2 years as the opposite sex before surgery -75% satisfied with new identity •female-to-male convert better -Describe the normal sexual response cycle [p. 332]-Understand how sexual arousal is objectively measured, and how psychophysiological and subjective arousal ratings relate to one another. •Penile plethysmograph •Vaginal photometer -Low correlation b/t physiological and subjective indices of female arousal (more about her level of cognition) -Describe how the various sexual dysfunctions are organized around the sexual response cycle. -Describe the biological, cognitive, psychological, and social factors involved in sexual dysfunction. [p. 339] Discuss Barlow’s integrative model. [p. 341] •Psychological -Anxiety vs. distraction -Cognitive Factors: • expectancies, •cue perceptions, •perceptions of control •Under-rating of arousal -Attentional focus: negative cognitions, affect •Social and Cultural -Erotophobia •Script theory of sexual functioning -Relationship/communication problems -Understand psychosocial and medical treatment approaches for treating sexual dysfunction, including Masters and Johnson’s protocol. [p. 342]•Psychosocial Treatment -Education •The Case of Carl -Masters and Johnson •Education, communication training •Sensate Focus •Scheduling -Other techniques •Medical Treatment (e.g., Viagra) -“Increases blood flow to the penis, but doesn’t create intimacy, love, or desire” -Distinguish among the paraphilias, understand contributing causes (e.g., biology, learning-related mechanisms) [p. 346-351] •Paraphilias - Misplaced sexual attraction and arousal; focus on inappropriate people or objects -Anomalous Activity Preferences •Courtship Disorders: -Voyeuristic disorder: peeping (excitement in possibly getting caught) -Exhibitionist disorder: flashers -Frotteuristic disorder: touching/rubbing people without consent •Sexual Arousal Associated with Pain -Sexual sadism disorder: sexual arousal from