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NAU GLG 112 - Final Exam Study Guide
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Glg 112 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideVI. Volcanic GasesA. What are the two most abundant gases? CO2 and H20 (carbon dioxide and water vapor)B. Climate change1. SO2 is the responsible gas for climate change2. Example: Mt. Pinatubo and Mt. Tambora (the year without a summer)I. Hydrologic cycle A. Distribution of water1. Oceans2. Glaciers3. Groundwater*streams are ranked 8thB. Processes that contribute to streams1. Precipitation adds water directly from above2. Runoff adds water from the sides3. Infiltration leads to groundwater that feeds into the stream from beneathII. Stream TerminologyA. Headwaters – beginning of the streamB. Mouth – where the stream feeds into the ocean C. Tributaries – smaller rivers that feed into the big riverD. Trunk Stream – main riverE. Drainage Basin – precipitation runoff area (all the water that falls here ends up in the main river)F. Channel – the area that holds the waterG. Floodplain – flat land next to a river that will be under water when the river floodsH. Levee – mounds of the biggest stuff a stream carries that deposit when a stream floods (also man made mounds of dirt on the sides of streams so communities can be built close)I. Gradient – elevation difference of the stream (less near the mouth and more near the headwaters). The slope stays the same while the gradient changesJ. Base level – lowest elevation of a streamIII. Stream Flow: water and sedimentA. Velocity – controls a streams ability to erode and transport sedimentB. Discharge 1. D= velocity x cross sectional area2. Factors that control discharge- Runoff/infiltration- Number of tributaries- Size of drainage basin- Precipitation/evaporation- Humans3. Examples - Highest discharge in the US – Mississippi- Highest discharge in the world – AmazonC. Sediment Load1. Bedload 2. Suspended load (gives the water its color with little to a lot of debris)3. Dissolved load (gives the water its taste)IV. Types of streamsA. Strait streams 1. Appearance- V-shaped valleys (narrow straight stream surrounded by hard rock walls)- Fairly straight- Low discharge - Large bedload- Looks clear because of low suspended load- Rapids make it a turbulent flow (large bedload and shallow waters)2. Location - Higher gradient- Near headwaters- High above base level- Downward erosionB. Meandering streams1. Appearance - Snakelike, windy, curvy- Colored because of high suspended load- Oxbow lakes (where the stream cut through a meander and separated it from the stream)- Cutbank (water travels faster so erosion occurs on the outside of the meander)- Point bar (sandy beach on the inside of the meander because deposition occurs from slower waters)- Large floodplain- Little to no bed load so no rapids2. Location - Near the mouth- Low gradient- Close to base level- Side to side erosionI. Introduction to FloodingA. Terms1. Stage – height of the water in a channel2. Floodstage – when the water reaches a certain height and any more water will make the river flood.3. Reaccurance intervals – average time between floods of a certain size100 year flood means there is a 1% or 1/100 a flood will happen in a given year20 year flood means there is a 5% or 1/20 chance 4. Hydrograph – vertical (y) axis is discharge and horizontal (x) axis is time. B. Factors that influence flooding1. Natural- Precipitation- Temperature (snow melt)- Channel size - Fires (burnt ground doesn’t soak up water easily so it runs off)- Ground composition - Vegetation (allows more water to get into the ground)- Topography - Preexisting soil moisture (too much will create runoff and too little will allow more infiltrations)2. Man-made- Dams - Levees- Urbanization (more concrete cities mean there is more runoff than infiltration and flooding occurs faster)II. Types of FloodsA. Flash Floods1. What is it? sudden, water level rises fast2. Where? Canyons/steep valleys, small channels, closer to headwaters, arid environments3. Why and how? It happens from a short duration of intense rainfall 4. Examplesa. Big Thompson canyon (1976 and 2013)b. Australia (2011)B. Regional (downstream) floods1. What are they? the water level rises slowly and creates a long lasting flood eventually2. Where are they? downstream (trunk stream), closer to the mouth/base level, wide/flat floodplains3. Why and how do they happen? These happen from a long duration rain or snow melt or both. It is widespread and is contributed by many full tributaries. 4. Examplesa. Upper Mississippi River 1993500 year flood, increase in rainfall, lasted 144 daysb. Thailand 2011Heavy monsoon until January Warning systems weren’t in place yet so there were more deaths4th costliest disaster everIII. Humans and floodingA. UrbanizationInfiltration goes down while runoff goes upPeak discharge – the highest point of a hydrograph (the highest water level)Lag time – time between rainfall start and the peak dischargeB. Human response 1. The structural approach- Levees/floodwalls- Raised homes- Dams- Channelization (i.e. turning a meandering stream straight)Gradient, velocity, and erosion all increase- Ex: Black Water River, Kissimmee River2. Floodplain Regulationa. National Flood Insurance Program (1968)Flagstaff joined in 1983Rules:1. No new construction on 20 year floodplain2. Construction must be floodproof on 100 year floodplain3. Flood insurance required on 500 year floodplainb. Floodplain use- Recreation (parks)- Agriculture/community gardens- Parking lotsIV. Flagstaff Flooding- history of flooding- channelization- when the water level rises in the Rio de Flag, where does flooding occur first? (where is the channel capacity the smallest? The headwaters)- 100-year floodplain (What buildings on/near campus are within the 100-year floodplain?)- 20-year floodplain (What buildings on/near campus are within the 20-year floodplain?)I. Introduction to Mass WastingA. What is it? Downslope movement of earth material.B. When does it happen?When the driving forces overcome the resisting forces.C. Where does it happen?Anywhere I. TriggersA. Excess WaterB. Over-steepened Slopes1. unconsolidated material: angle of repose2. Pre-existing planes of weakness in bedrockexamples: sedimentary bedding planes, metamorphic foliation, fractures in any rockC. EarthquakesD. Added WeightE. Vegetation Removal (fires, logging/deforestation, constructions projects, etc.)F. FiresII. Types of mass wastingA. Creep1. Speed? Slowest2. Movement surface? Any type of hill3. Earth material? Unconsolidated


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NAU GLG 112 - Final Exam Study Guide

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