CHE 141 1st edition Lecture 40Outline of Current Lecture- Chemistry of Metals- Thermodynamics- Electrochemistry- Nuclear ChemistryCurrent LectureChemistry of Metals- Lewis base is a substance that donates a lone pair of electrons in a chemical reaction- Lewis acid is a substance that accepts a lone pair of electrons in a chemical reaction- Ligand a Lewis base that forms a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal ion of a complex ion- Counterion ions of opposite charge that are not acting as ligands-counterion only affectsoxidation number of central metal, not coordinate number - Naming complex ions: o Ligandso Transition metalo For –ve complex ion, use ate suffix of metal cation- Naming coordination compounds These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o If counter ion is cation it goes first, if counterion is anion goes lasto Optical isomers/enantiomers: two stereoisomers that are chiralo Cis-two alike ligands on the same sideo Trans- two alike ligands on the other side- Chelate effect: the greater affinity of metal ions for polydentate ligands than for monodentate ligands- Strong field ligands: delta >P low spin complex- Weak field ligands: delta<P high spin complex- Diamagnetic: weakly repelled by electric field, no unpaired electrons- Paramagnetic attracted to magnetic field, contains unpaired electrons. The more unpaired electrons, the more paramagnetic the ionThermodynamics- 1st law thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed- spontaneous processes occur without outside intervention, nonspontaneous processes require continual addition of energy to the system- entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system/ number of ways a system can be arranged- 2nd law of thermodynamics: for any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases- delta G<0 spontaneous in forward direction- delta G=0 equilibrium- delta G>0 forward direction is nonspontaneousElectrochemistry- LEO the RED CAT says GER- Lose electrons oxidation- Gain electrons reduction- Reduction at cathode- Voltaic/galvanic cell produces electrical current from a spontaneous chemical reaction- Electrolytic cell consumes electrical current to drive a nonspontaneous chemical reaction- Potential difference is the difference in potential energy between two electrodes- Cell potential is the potential difference between the two electrodes in a voltaic/galvaniccell- Standard reduction potential is measured relative to standard hydrogen electrode- Voltaic/galvanic cell: spontaneous redox reaction that generates electrical energy, anode (-) cathode(+)- Electrolytic cell: a nonspontaneous redox reaction driven by external electrical currentNuclear Chemistry- Neutron richo Above belt of stability (n/p=too high)o Mass number A> atomic weighto Beta decay- Neutron pooro Below belt of stabilityo Mass number A< atomic weighto Positron emission or electron capture- Nuclear fission a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an element breaks up into two lighter nuclei- Chain reaction neutrons released when the nuclei split apart initiate additional fission events and sustain the reaction- Mass defect the difference in mass between a stable nucleus and the individual nucleonsit is made up of - Nuclear binding energy amount of energy required to break apart the nucleus into its component nucleons- Mass energy: E=mc^2- Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus to form two or more lighter nuclei- Nuclear fusion is the combination of two light nuclei to form a heavier one- Nuclear transmutation the conversion of one chemical isotope or element into another- Transuranic elements: elements with atomic number
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