BIOB 272 1st EditionLecture 36 Outline of Last Lecture Human Evolution and DiseaseI. Host-Pathogen CoevolutionII. Tracing the Origin and Spread of Diseasea. Influenza- Flu Life Cycle: - How are Viruses Selected to Make Flu Vaccines?- Predictions for Vaccines are Based On- Influenza Pandemics- Virus Hemagglutinin Genes- 2009 Flu EpidemicIII. Antibiotic ResistanceOutline of Current Lecture Guest Lecture- MicrobesI. Bacteria Were the First Living Things on EarthII. The Tree of Lifea. The First Tree of Lifeb. The 2nd Tree of Lifec. Woese Tree of LifeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o B (A,E) Modelo Horizontal Gene Transferd. Last 5 YearsIII. Sea of MicrobesIV. Riftia- Giant Tube WormsCurrent LectureGuest Lecture- MicrobesI. Bacteria Were the First Living Things on Eartho Bacteria= first organism on Earth billions of years ago- Achaea close behindo MOST of life on Earth had no Eukaryotes (animals), instead was microbial life (3 billion years) II. The Tree of Lifea. The First Tree of Life: by Haeckel in 1866o Single Origino Bacteria (moneres) grouped in a little clade at the base of protists= no correcto Tree based on morphology Wrong because there is not much difference in bacterial morphologyb. The 2nd Tree of Life: in 1977o 1938: Chatton- showed primary division between prokaryoate and eukaryoteo 1969: Whittaker- showed monera at the bottom of the tree** all of these wrong because didn’t base any of these on universal charactersc. Woese Tree of Life: 1970s- first the base on universal characterso Used rRNA to sequence and establish the universal tree of life- why rRNA? In all cellular organisms Highly conserved, evolves slowly Enzymatic moiety of the ribosome Can be sequenced without having the bacteria in culture 2/3 of bacteria is ribosomeso **Found that 2 cytosine are found in every living organism to have ever lived**= unchanged for billions of yearso B (A,E) Model: prokaryotes are not monophyletic= Achaea most closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria o Eukaryotes that can be seen with the naked eye only make up the very small tip of the treeo Genes involved in translation/transcription= oldest genes= show eukaryotes more closely related to Achaea o Horizontal Gene Transfer: bacteria/archaea/insects use a lot Transformation, transduction, conjugationd. Last 5 Years: New evidence shows that the B (A,E) model not quite correcto If we assume evolution rates are different between different organisms-then use eocyte tree (shown on lecture slides)o Study in 2013- Eukaryotes are not as old as the Achaea- they derived within the Achaea in the TACK groupIII. Sea of Microbes: Most of diversity on the planet is microbialo Animal-microbe symbioses is nearly universalo rRNA reveals the human gut is home to trillions of bacteriaIV. Riftia- Giant Tube Worms:o No mouth or anus, live near black smokers in the bottom of the ocean, one of the fastest growing animals knowno Stuffed full of bacteria to allow them to live in the environment in the bottom of the
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