ARCH 2003 1st Edition Exam #3 Study Guide Lecture 16: Islamic Architecture - Origins in Arabian Vernacular- Courtyard house: where the main part of the building is disposed around a central courtyard- Desert fortification: Defensive wall or other reinforcement built to strengthen a place against attack - Caravanserai: an inn with a central courtyard for travelers, a caravan - Every town in Tripoli has its own private courtyard- Religion of Islam- Mohammed, 632 AD- Mecca: a city and capital of Hejaz, Saudi Arabia – birthplace of Muhammad - Kaa’ba: cube shaped building in Mecca, most sacred Muslim shrine, built of black stone to have been given by Gabriel to Abraham- Qur’an: Islamic sacred book, word of God as dictatedto Muhammad - Fundamental Elements- Mithana/ minaret: Tall slender tower part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls aMuslim to pray- Mihrab: niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca- Minbar: Short flight of steps used a platform by a preacher in a mosque- Arab Culture- Cultural traditions, tribal society, nomadic Minbar Mihrab- Mashrabiyah: Projecting balconies, shade the street further, provide ventilation for the house, ‘neighborhood watch’ for the residents - Courtyard can be compared to Roman Domus- Arab Culture and building traditions- Tribal with trade interests- Movement/ spread of Ideas- Climate responsive- Permanent structures defense oriented - The ‘Pillars’ of Islam- Proclaim faith, pray (5 times a day), alms to the poor, fasting at Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca (Haj) - Muhammad’s House, Medina, Saudi Arabia A.D. 622- Fountain of Ablution - Foliage/ Vegetal patterns, geometric patterns (Arabesque) 19th Century Architecture- Neo Classicism:- Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Altes Museum (Old museum)– Berlin Germany, 1822-1828o Remember: Rotunda: Entrance Oval Ceiling room- Can be compared to Stoa of Attalos Athens, Greece, 159-132 B.C.- Friedrich August Stüler, Neues Museum, Berlin Germany, 1841- 1855 (restored by David Chipperfield Architects 2000)“New Museum”- Gothic Revival- Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, House of Parliament, London, England, 1836- 1860- House of Parliament Plano Can Be compared to VII Chapel Westminster Abbey “Perpendicular Gothic” exterior detail o Victoria tower can be compared to Gloucester Cathedral’s crossing towero Pugin’s Lament: “All Grecian, Sir; Tudor details on a classic body”Victoria TowerHouse of LordsCentral LobbyHouse of CommonsWestminster HallClock Tower (Big Ben)- Iron and Glass Architecture:- Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London England, 1850- 1851- Terms- Eclecticism: Work of art represents the combination of a variety of influences - Zeitgeist: Spirit of the age: intellectual fashion or dominantschool of thought. Art reflected the culture during particular time period- Prefabrication: practice of assembling components of a structure at another site- Modular design: design of any system composed of separate components that can be connected together  Thomas Cole, “The Architect’s Dream” 1840 American Architecture - The Chicago School Skyscraper: “Chicago Spire” (2005) Calatrava’s - William Le Baron Jenney – Home insurance Building, Chicago, Illinois, 1884-85Had Deficiencies (Look up) rod iron and cast iron- Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan – Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri, 1890-1891o Made of steelo U- shaped plano Exceptional because of design of faces – Sullivan (junior partner/ design) first successful attempt to rational skyscraper Bottom floors (1&2) primarily place to find commercial enterprises – belt course = horizontal line – separate second and third floor Curtain wall –clad in red Missouri sand stone Middle section- office located – identical cells with two windows – manipulate vertical and horizontal elements on outside of building Top floor- mechanical floor-  “It must be every inch a proud and soaring thing” – “the Tall Office building artistically reconsidered” Vertical lines are doubled – to make it look taller  Forms follow function- Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) Born in Wisconsin, worked with Adler and Sullivan – single family house Fallingwater, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 1935 - Robie House, Chicago Illinois, 1908-1910 Built for Fredrick Robie Represents idea that houses should be in harmony with natural surroundings Used steel members to frame roof Plans: 3rd floor: top, bedrooms  Main floor is the 2nd floor – living room, giant fireplace– dining room – continuous space -  1st floor: Playroom, 3 car garage, low ceilings, interiorbrick, leaded glass like stain glass  University of Chicago owns Robie House- Price Tower, Bartlesville Oklahoma, 1952-56 Frank Lloyd Wrights “only Skyscraper” – Mixed used building series of quadrants ¾ quadrant = office space 4th quadrant – duplex apartments  Invented new way to build skyscraper – make itlike a tree with branches – tap root system – with reinforced concrete spine – cantilever = definition – supported one side- they tend to sag  Skyscrapers shouldn’t be built in big city –Wright “tree that escaped the crowded forest”- Terms- Skeleton frame: internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape “skeleton shape”- Curtain Wall: thin aluminum framed wall containing in fill ofglass, metal panels or thin stone- Terra cotta: fired clay – brownish red, used for architectural ornaments and facings - Prairie house: horizontal lines, flat or hipped roof, broad eaves, Midwest- Organic architecture: promotes harmony between habitation and the natural world - William A. Wells- Colcord Building Okc, 1909 – next to Devon energy building - KNOW PAST MATERIAL TOO – KNOW BUILDING AND ARCHITECT - PARTHENON AND HAGIA