PSYCH 1103 1st EditionExam #3 Study Guide Lectures: 16 – 23Lecture 16 (April 7)Social CognitionWhat is social cognition and social comparison? What are some social comparison strategies? -Social cognition: study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors influence and are influenced by others  Mental processes that give rise to people’s interpretation of, and reactions to other people -Social comparison: evaluate many properties of oneself and compare them to others and reference to a group or a single person -Social comparison strategies: Upward social comparison Downward social comparisonDescribe self-schemas and what they can affect? How do they work with first impressions?-Help people organize and process information about themselves  Lots of overlap with self-concept  Schemas can affect memory, perception, problem solving  Help interpret incoming information when we have a first impression of someone Lecture 17 (April 9)Attribution What is attribution? What are the types of attribution? What three factors contribute to attribution and what theory are these factors based off of? What are the types of attribution errors?-Definition: the processes involved in explaining the behavior of others -Types of attribution:Internal attribution: cause resides within the person  External attribution: cause resides in environment -3 factors: Consensus: degree to which other actors show the same behavior Consistency: degree to which behavior of actor is the same over time and contexts  Distinctiveness: degree to which behavior of actor is specific to the event  Based off Kelley’s Attribution Theory-Attribution errors: Fundamental attribution error: tendency to attribute behavior of others to internal factors  Ultimate attribution error: behaviors that result in positive outcomes are due to external attribution and behaviors that result in negative outcomes are due to internalattribution  Actor-observer effect: tend to make internal attributions to others and external attributions for self AttitudesDescribe attitude and the three components of it?-Attitude: a tendency toward a particular cognitive, behavioral, or emotional reaction to a given object or event -Components: Cognition Emotion Behavior What are the different ways to form an attitude?-Early learning  Explicit teaching Modeling -Mere exposure-Operant conditioning -Classical conditioning What is the cognitive dissonance theory proposed by Leon Festinger?-People motivated to have internal consistency among their beliefs and behaviors Lecture 18 (April 14)What is Daryl Bem’s self-perception theory?-People don’t have well-formed attitudes about many situations-If they act before consolidating an attitude, they reflect on that action to help establish the attitude What’s the difference between stereotypes and prejudice? What are the types of prejudice theories?-Stereotypes: attitudes about a class of people -Prejudice: a positive or negative attitude toward an individual based simply on membership in some group -Theories of prejudice: Motivational theories: prejudice may help people feel secure and fulfill a needfor antagonism against others  Cognitive theories: categories and concepts are how we deal with the complex nature of the world Lecture 19 (April 16)PrejudiceWhat are ways to reduce prejudice?-Contact hypothesis: place groups in contact-Caveats: involves equal status and one-on-one basis-Jigsaw technique: people work as a team toward a goal and all the people share a burden or dangerous and stressful conditions AttractionWhat are the factors of attraction?-Proximity-Positive atmosphere-Rewarded in their presence-Similarity-Physical attractiveness What’s the difference between passionate and compassionate love?-Passionate love: intense, arousing, physical desire, deep emotional attachment, intrusive thoughts-Compassionate love: less arousing, more intimate psychologically, mutual concern, partnership What were the three points of Sternberg’s Love Triangle?-Infatuation (passion)-Empty love (commitment)-Liking (intimacy) What factors predict marital satisfaction?-Personality traits and experiences prior to marriage-Stressful events encountered once married-Emotional and communication skills Lecture 20 (April 21)Social Influence What are social norms? What’s the difference between descriptive and injunctive norms?-Social norms: socially based rules that prescribe how people should behave in various situations-Descriptive norms: indicate how others typically behave in a situation -Injunctive norms: directly address acceptable and unacceptable behavior Distinguish between social facilitation, social impairment, and social loafing. -Social facilitation: others being present increases performance-Social impairment: others being present decreases performance-Social loafing: when people share a task, tend to expend less effort What is conformity? What factors influence conformity (Asch Paradigm)?-Conformity: changing one’s beliefs or behavior as a result of group pressure-Factors: Ambiguity of situation  Unanimity and size of majority  Minority influence GenderDescribe compliance and the different techniques associated with it.-Compliance: changing one’s behavior as a result of a request-Foot-in-the-door technique Get target to agree to a small request, then increase-Low-ball approach Get target to agree to buy at a low price and then increase price because of error, unforeseen factors, etc. -Door-in-the-face procedure Make an outrageous request and when denied, make a more modest request (what you were really after) Lecture 21 (April 23)ObedienceWhat is obedience and what factors affect obedience?-Obedience: changing one’s behavior in response to a demand from an authority-Factors: Experimenter status Behavior of other people PersonalityWhat can affect social roles?-The effects of others can depend heavily on the context-People unwillingly adopt social roles, which strongly affect behavior AggressionDescribe aggression. What accounts for aggression? What are the biological factors of aggression?-Aggression: hostile, injurious, or destructive actions-Accounts of aggression: Instinctive biological urge By-product of evolution Biology Learned behavior -Biological factors: Limbic system Testosterone Serotonin Drugs Lecture 22 (April 28)What are the environmental factors of aggression