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SC PSYC 460 - Final Exam Study Guide

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PSYC 460 1st EditionFinal Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 12Chapter 10 – Internal RegulationNot much from Temperature regulation:Definitions of homeostasis and allostasisThe concept of basal metabolismDefinitions of poikilothermic and homeothermicHow a fever helps fight infectionI will not ask about thirstI will not ask about the digestion and food selection sectionShort- and long-term regulation of feedingOral factors and sham feedingCues sent from the stomach and intestinesThe effects on hunger of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and leptinBrain mechamisms: the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and ventromedial hypothalamusI will not ask about eating disordersChapter 12 – Emotional BehaviorsThe role of autonomic arousalThe James-Lange theory (as discussed in the book, even though some of the time he isreferring to the Schachter-Singer theory)The evidence of whether physiological feedback (from muscles or from the autonomic system) is influencing the experience of emotionsBrain areas associated with emotion: the limbic system (knowing that this is the forebrain area surrounding the thalamus and that thisincludes the few structures we have explicitly discussed is enough – the amygdala, cingulategyrus, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus – it includes more, but this isdisagreed upon depending on where you look it up)The Phan et al (2002) study – just know that many areas of the frontal and temporal cortices areactive and that there was a great deal of variability between the studies The insula and its clear role in processing disgust, but that it responds to other emotionsas wellThe Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) – what they areand the hemispheres they are associated withThe studies examining the right hemisphere’s responsiveness to emotional stimuliThe role of emotions in making decisions and the brain regions involved (prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and amygdala)The ventromedial prefrontal cortex’s role and what happens when it is damagedAttack behaviorsThe corticomedial area of the amygdala and its role in attack behaviorsHeredity and environment interaction in whether people tend to become violent / antisocialThe role of testosterone (I think this is most clear in the van Honk & Schutter, 07) studySerotonin synapses and aggressive behaviorFear and anxietyThe startle reflex and the effects of classical conditioning on itThat generalizing appears to be occurring in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalisThe role of the amygdala, the various studies investigating its response, and what happenswhen it is damagedAnxiety disorders and pharmacological relief; relearning as relief from anxietyStress and health Selye’s concepts of stress (general adaptation syndrome – alarm, resistance, exhaustion)The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis The immune system and the effect of stress on it (the different kinds of leukocytes, theproduction of cytokines, the effect on the hypothalamus – to produce fever, the productionof prostaglandins, and its effects  so how this relates to Selye’s general adaptationsyndrome)Stress control – just what’s in the book (not the slides)Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – symptoms, individual differences that suggest whywhy some people are more vulnerable, (from previous section – use of propanolol andeffective relearning)Chapter 13 – The biology of learning and memoryClassical conditioning and instrumental conditioning (just what’s in the text)Lashley’s search for the engram and his false conclusionsThe modern search for the engram and Thompson & his colleagues finding that that particulareyeblink response was learned in the lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) in the cerebellumI will not ask about the logic behind this study or what they think is occurring before or after this brain regionTypes of memoryOur changing view of consolidationWorking memory as replacing STMThe hippocampus – what we’ve learned from people with hippocampal damage[anterograde vs retrograde; effects on working memory; differences in explicit memorysystems and then that there is no real damage to implicit memory / procedural memory]-- this implies that these terms should be understoodThe theories of the function of the hippocampusI may ask about any of the studies in the declarative memory sectionIf I ask about the spatial memory section, it will be the London taxi drivers studyIf I ask about the contextual memory section, it will be what happens whenhumansactivate recent memories vs. older factual memoriesThe basal ganglia and its role in gradual learning (and of course what happens when there’s damage) Other types of amnesia – Korsakoff’s syndrome & Alzheimer’s diseasethe basics of what they are – causes, symptoms, brain areas involved (except I won’t askabout anything as specific as amyloid-beta or tau proteins)What patients with amnesia tell usI will not ask anything about the other brain areas in memory (last section)Learning and the Hebbian synapse (or what I think I called Hebbian learning)Habituation and sensitization in the aplysiaLong-term potentiation in vertebrates – the properties, the biochemical mechanisms, that this is occurring in the post-synaptic neuron, but that there are presynaptic changes aswell,the section on consolidation revisitedImproving memoryChapter 14 – Cognitive FunctionsThe left and right hemispheres – the corpus callosum, the lateralization of function / hemisphericspecialization , and what we have learned from split-brain patientsAnatomical differences between the hemispheres – just the planum temporale was really discussed in the textbook. Maturation of the corpus callosumI will not ask about the following sections: development without a corpus callosum; hemispheres, handedness, and language dominance; avoiding overstatementsI will not ask anything specific about the nonhuman and nonprimate precursors to language. My strategy on this would be to know that these exist, form an opinion about howalike ordifferent these communication systems are from human language, and think about how youmight argue your opinion (so here, knowing some examples might help, but they don’t haveto be the examples from the textbook)How did humans evolve languageEvidence that it is not a byproduct of intelligence – the people with normal intelligence butimpaired language and then the people with mental


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