ENV-SCI 110r 1st Edition Final Exam Study GuideTigrisEuphratesRhineUral MtnsHimalaya MtnsFIRST 40 POINTS ARE MAP1/22/13-Begin filling out maps for first exam-u smell of elderberries and plum-wow das my exact perfumetis strange1. Geographya. Physicalb. Cultural/human2. Mostly looking at PHYSICAL (we exclude humans/were looking at natural surroundings)a. Environment: what is around us/natural surroundingsi. Human beings are important part of natural world1. Destroying rainforests, bulldozing, ect. 2. Changing av. Temps around planetb. Laws of Nature (Gravity-most destructive geological force)i. RULE, CANNOT CHANGEii. Uniformitarianism: laws of nature are unchanging, uniform in their application anywhere and everywhere. Same in the past, present, and future.1. “Uniformitarianism is the logical continuity of physical processes and mechanisms”2. All things based on this! Errything ever!3. Scientific view: Assumption is that there is nothing supernatural. We must be able to understand everything. Everything is logical and predictable.4. Uniformitarianism is contrary to religions5. “Mechanistic view”-works like a mechanical3. TIME/AGE OF THE EARTH- important matter in scientific view.a. 1900-scientist asked“why is the sea salty”i. Minerals from volcanic eruptions into water?ii. Many minerals soluble in wateriii. Limestone gradually dissolves into water/erosion1. Cave formationsiv. Scientist concludes: rivers/fresh water already contains some dissolved minerals. 1. River flows into ocean, water evaporates back into system, leaving minerals from fresh water in the ocean2. Returning water falls again on land, gathering minerals as it trickles back to river3. Cycle continuesv. How long did this cycle take place to make the sea as mineralized as it is?vi. This scientist came up with the figure that the earth is 90 million years old (1900)vii. 1/24/12viii. In 1800’s, people assumed time based on biblical calculations (6000 years old), CHARLES DARWINs evolution theories challenged that (millions of years)ix. 1950’s- estimate of 2 billion years oldx. CURRENTLY 4.5 or 5 billion years oldb. Assumption that universe is 18 billion years oldc. Life on earth is 3 to 3.5 billion years old- Amoeba/simpled. Invertebrates .5 billion years old i. BEGINNING OF PALEOZOIC e. Himalaya Mountains biggest mountain range – 30,000 ft highi. Still rising by fraction of inch per year4. PROCESSESa. Volcanoes can rise very quickly/other processes take millions of yearsb. LAW OF SUPERPOSITION-William Smith (canal digga)i. Predictable, widespread rock layers- STRATAFICATIONii. Strata=rock layeriii. Discovered fossil remains. 1. Top layers-bones2. Farther down in layers, the different the animal remains3. Ancient, more primitive animals found deeper in the strata4. Layers changed by geological phenomena 5. EARTHa. Large rotating cloud of dust, single planei. Dust particles run into each other (through gravitational forces) and stick together (creating a 2x gravitational pull, attracting the smaller particles)ii. Eventually big ball of dust makes EARTH/other planets alsob. Approximately 24,000 miles in circumferencec. Earth still turning and flying through space due to gravitational force of suni. Eventually earth will slow down and get pulled towards sun (forever away)d. Perfect orbit placement for LYFE (also the earth rotating every 24 hours helps to distribute the heat)e. Equator moving through space at 1000 mph (more slowly at north n south pole)i. Sunsets and sunrises relatively gradual in Midwest (slower moving part of earth)ii. Equator has very quick sunsets n sunrisesf. EARTH TURNS TOWARDS EAST i. Sun rises in east, sets in westii. Earth turns counter clockwise (from north pole standpoint)g. 1 Year (and 6 hours)- amount of time it takes earth to orbit around sun (hence the leap year)6. SUNa. Sun is a medium sized star, and its 100x the diameter of the lil earthi. Sun is 1.3 million times larger than the earthii. Ball of thermonuclear explosionsiii. Average of 93 million miles from the earthb. Earth orbits around the sun (essentially circular)c. Light travels 186,000 miles/secondi. Takes light from the sun 8.5 minutes to travel to earths surfaced. Sun: source of all warmth, light, life on surface of the earthi. Weather, climateii. All energye. Solar system is HELIOCENTRIC/COPERNICAN system, all planets rotating around the suni. Vs. GEOCENTRIC in which the earth was thought to be the center7. Milky Waya. Estimated 30 billion starsb. Most have planetary systems around themc. Milky way is one of lots of galaxies (other life forms?)d. LIGHTYEAR distance that light can travel in 1 yeari. Most stars more than a light year awayEarth still turns because the dust cloud was turning-Turns fast enough for sun’s energy to be distributed.-Surface moves more quickly at the equator than poles.*Earth turns counter clockwise.Geometry of Earth:-We’re spinning-Earth has an axes (North and South Poles)Heliocentric System- Sun in middle, planets rotate around itGeocentric System- We think Earth is the center.Takes 365 days and 6 hours to make a full revolution around the sun; why we have a leap year.Geography- Study of natural world (how we see it).Ptolemy- Greek speaking geographer who first worked with Longitude & Latitude.Latitude & Longitude- Way of determining places positions.Can take any circle and divide it 360 ways-Each degree can divide into 60min.s; Minutes down to 60 seconds (this is measuring in distances not time).-Each degree of Latitude=70miles-Each min. of Latitude= 1 mile @ the equatorMeridians: Measure distance to East to West (longitude)-Cross equator @ right angles but not parallel to each other.Latitude- North and South line (think like a ladder) 90 degrees from the pole.Ptolemy’s Map was that of the Mediterranean area.Prime Meridian: First. Center.-Greenwich, London = Prim Meridian-Kansas City = 40 N Lat. 95 W Long.Zenith- Sun at the highest point (noon).Places Talked About: Equator, Greece, Denmark, Copen Haven (Capital), Thames River, 1/31/131.Noon is the astronomical time when the sun has reached its zenith at any given point on the earth. Same on any longitude. a. Zenith- when sun is at its highest pointb. each timezone is 15 degrees in longitudec. timezone lines are not straight because of populated areas. They matched cities with suburbs1. China declares all one timezonea. Peoples lives weren’t in tune with the clockb. Now have 2 timezones- eastern and westernc. RUSSIAi. 11