HES 2913 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Psychological Health- Positive psychological health - the presence of wellness-a more ambitious goalo Who was the original creator of this?  Abraham Maslow (1960s) – believed when urgent (life-sustaining) needs are satisfied, less basic needs take priority; people who haveachieved self-actualization  Hierarchy of needs – physiological needs, safety, being loved, maintaining self-esteem, self-actualizationo Who took it to another level and created 3 pathways? Martin Seligmano What are the 3 pathways? Pleasant life – maximizing positive emotions about the past, present, and future, and to minimizing pain and negative emotions Engaged life – cultivating a strong character and exercising your talents. Becoming engaged and absorbed in what you do.  Meaningful life – to belong to and serve institutions that enable thebest in human nature. Institutions that educate and that cultivate strong families, democracy, or a free press- Self-actualization – an ideal to strive for rather than something most people can reasonable hope to achieve; highest level of growth in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - Be familiar with types of mental illness (as discussed in class)o Anxiety – fear that is not a response to any definite threat Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) – excessive, uncontrollable worry about all kinds of things and anxiety in many situations Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and the performing of senseless rituals Panic disorder – syndrome of severe anxiety attacks accompaniedby physical symptoms  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – reliving traumatic events through dreams, flashbacks, and hallucinationso Depression – loss of interest, sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite disturbed sleep, and other physical symptoms; serotonin is given to keep the neurotransmitter longer in the synaptic cleft o Schizophrenia – a psychological disorder that involves a disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality; dopamine is the primary influenceo What are the two characteristics of bipolar? Mania – talking fast, easily distracted, unrealistic expectations and/or feelings of grandeur, not sleeping. Depression – trouble with memory, too much sleep, feelings of helplessness, thoughts of suicide- What are the 3 types of bipolar and simple differences between the 3 typeso Bipolar I disorder – involves periods of severe mood episodes from mania to depressiono Bipolar II disorder – a milder form of mood elevation, involving milder episodes of hypomania that alternate with period of severe depression, the “up” moods never reach full-on maniao Cyclothymic disorder – periods of hypomania with brief periods of depression that are not as extensive or long-lasting as seen in full depressive episodes, relatively mild- How do symptoms of PTSD manifest differently in adults and children?o Children experience bed-wetting, clinging to adultso Adults have recurring episodes of traumatic event, avoidance, altered mood and reactions- What is relationship between mental illness and drug abuse?o Many people with mental illness have ongoing substance abuse problems and many people who abuse drugs and alcohol also experience mental illness- The most common medication pathophysiological course to treat depression is to create this mechanism in at the synapses - SSRI- inhibit serotonins reuptakeCardiovascular Diseases (CVD)- Blood flow – vena cavaright atrium  right ventricle coronary arterylungspulmonary vein left atriumleft ventricleaortao Veins – carry blood to the heart; thin wallso Arteries – carry blood away from heart; thick elastic walls which expand and relax with the volume of bloodo Coronary arteries – two large vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)o Capillaries – tiny vessels only one cell thicko Venules – blood empties from the capillaries into venules, which connect to veins that return the blood back to the heart- Major modifiable risk factors - high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity etc.- Contributing modifiable risk factors - stress, depression/anxiety, alcohol, drugs etc.- Tobacco use in relation to CVD – tobacco is the number one risk factor for developing CVDMajor forms of CVD- CAD (coronary heart disease) – coronary artery narrowed with plaque build up - MI (heart attack) – coronary artery is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscles, leading cause of death in U.S. among age 65 & above- Stroke – a cerebral artery blocked with plaque buildup - LDL o Bad cholesterolo Shuttle cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissueso Food types high in LDL (milk, ice cream, chips, butter, cookies, sour cream)o Having high LDL can cause there to be an excessive amount of cholesterol being transported to the liver causes clots in the vessels - HDL o “Good” cholesterolo Shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling, food types high in HDL (avocados, edamame, olive oil, tea, tomatoes)o Seeks out excess cholesterol, reducing the amount available for buildup on artery walls- Heart attack (Myocardial Infarction) – a coronary artery is blocked; heart muscle is damaged and part of it may die from lack of blood; leading cause of death in the U.S. among age 65 & above- Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) – blood supply to brain is cutoff; 2 million braincells die per minute during a stroke- Angina pectoris – arteries are narrowed but open enough to deliver blood undernormal circumstanceso During times of stress, heart cannot receive enough oxygeno Usually felt as an extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) & arrthymia – temporary stroke like symptomsbefore a major stroke (weakness, numbness, difficulty in speech)Hypertension - Normal blood pressure <120/80 - High blood pressure (hypertension) >140/90- Systole – hearts contraction- Diastole – period of relaxation- Trends of hypertension (e.g. % of adults with hypertension, % of adults with pre-hypertension, oral contraceptives, African Americans & Hispanics) o People in the south have higher hypertension/high cholesterol o Have lots of saturated fats have higher rates because they have more build up; more related with the ethnicity and cultureo There is a decrease in volume and increase in rate-