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CU-Boulder PSYC 2606 - Final Exam Study Guide
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Psyc 2606 1st editionFinal Exam Study Guide EXAM #1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - the social dynamics of how people interact ● Why do we need to use scientific methods? They help us to ensure that we are getting the correct answer to our questions. They provide a rational and logical order to how scientists can learn about the world. ○ Availability Heuristic - we are more likely to estimate the occurrence of something based upon how easily we can remember it. ○ Hindsight Bias - when we overestimate our ability to have figured out the outcome of something● Fundamental Attribution Error - our tendency to blame internal characteristics more than external characteristics. ex. if a man is acting grumpy we might attribute it to his personality when in reality, he just had a bad day. ○ Self-serving bias - when viewing ourselves, we look at good things that happen to be attributable to who we are and we attribute the bad things that happen to outside sources. ○ Channel Factors - something that influences behavior that we might not originally expect. ex. we wouldn’t originally expect that if somebody had an idea of how to get to the dentist then they were more likely to show up for their appointment.● Construal - a person’s interpretation of a situation. How they interpret it may affect their behavior in the situation.○ Schema - a previously acquired cognitive framework that dictates how you behave in a situation○ Stereotypes - oversimplified idea that we may have about a person or an idea● Human Universals (Universal Behaviors) - behavior or cognitive functions common to most humans ○ Natural Selection - the fittest survive - the traits that contribute to survival will last and continue on throughout a population○ Evolutionary Psychology - an approach to psychology that tries to provide reasoning to useful mental and psychological traits (memory, language, perception, etc) being products of natural selection.○ Naturalistic Fallacy - the error in thinking that because things are a certain way, this is the way they should always be. ex. men should always be helping women with technology.○ Cultural Differences - differences among people because of their racial or ethnic backgrounds, language, dress, and traditions■ Collectivist culture - focuses more on the needs of the group as a whole over the needs of each individual. In cultures of many other countries, the interconnectedness between the people play a central role in each person’s identity. ■ Individualist culture - focuses more on the needs of the individual and things that need to be done in order to ensure their success - very prevalent in US culture.○ Gender differences -boys are usually more individualistic while girls are usually more collectivist RESEARCH METHODS - ● Correlational Research - looking at the relationship between 2 variables ● Positive, Negative, No correlation - positive = dots going up; negative = dots going down; no correlation = dots randomly scattered (no pattern)○ Illusory Correlations - when things appear to be related when they really aren't○ Pros & Cons? ■ pros - we can learn to relate two things, opens up opportunities for more research if you find something statistically significant, helps us predict behavior, starting point for research ■ cons - correlation does not mean causation, illusory correlations● Descriptive Research - naturalistic observation or in lab observation or case study○ Case Study - observing an individual in depth○ Naturalistic Observation - observing something in its natural state (observing the real world)○ Pros & cons■ pros - measures validity (what it is supposed to measure), naturalistic and case studies measure the real world (high internal validity), lab observation highlightsexternal validity, describes behavior, describes proof of existence, unusual phenomenon■ cons -subject to bias, cannot infer causation● Experimental Research Design - shows the relationship between independent and dependent variable○ Independent variable - the thing you can change (ex. sunlight or no sunlight)○ Dependent variable - the thing that you measure (depending on the independent variable. ex. plant growth)○ Control Group - group that you keep consistent the whole time ○ Experimenter bias - a bias by the researcher that is expecting a certain outcome○ Demand Characteristics - a subtle cue that the researcher makes to the participants thatmay make them aware of what the experimenter is expecting to find and how they are expected to behave.● Survey - a questionnaire considering a large population● Population vs Sample - population is what you are taking the sample from ○ Convenience sample - sampling from just an area that is convenient to you ■ ex. sampling from a college campus because you already go to school there ○ ‘n' - sample size ● Basic Science - concerned w/ trying to understand something and using our understandings to create theories about the nature of this concept ● Applied Science - solving a real world problem ○ Intervention - an attempt to change one’s behavior ● Ethics in social psychology research - information the researchers are looking for must be significant, the harm to patients cannot be to high ○ IRB - Institutional Review Board - looks at research proposals and judges whether or not the research is ethical○ Informed consent - participants willing to participate in the research after learning the relevant aspects about the procedure of the study ○ Deception Research - research where the participants are misled about the exact purpose of the experiment or are misled about what will be done to them● Psychometrics - measuring mental processes and capacities○ Standardization - having a standard that must be conformed to○ Reliability - accuracy○ Validity - the ability of something to measure what it is supposed to measure ■ Internal validity - referring to how well the study was run and how much so you can say that the dependent variable was produced solely by the independent variable rather than even partially by external factors. ■ External validity - referring to how much the study can be generalized/applied to other people THE SOCIAL SELF ● Three components of the self:○ Individual self - beliefs about our own personal traits, talents, things we like or don't like(ex. i am happy)○ Relational self - descriptions of ourselves relating to a special social


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