Ocg 451 1st editionFinal Exam Study Guide Lecture 1: Oceanographic Science 1. How is oceanography an interdisciplinary science? What disciplines make up oceanography?2. In what direction does the flow of warm and cool surface water move?3. Describe the map of average sea surface chlorophyll. Where is chlorophyll at its highest amount?4. Describe the concept of robotics in the ocean. What are the actions and what is being sensed?5. What percent of the earth is covered with water?6. How was the solar system formed? What is the nebular hypothesis?7. Describe why the planets that are closer to the sun are smaller in size and rocky compared toplanets that are farther away from the sun. 8. Be able to discuss the materials found in the solar nebula.9. What are the main gases that come from volcanoes?10. Where did the water that makes up our oceans come from? What are the probable hypotheses? How can we tell?11. How was our moon formed? What is the significance of earth’s tilt?Lecture 2: Stratigraphy, Radioactivity and Magnetics1. What is the difference between relative age and absolute age?2. What is stratification? What are the results of stratification?3. What are Nicholas Steno’s principles?4. How do we compare the layers of the earth? What is Lithology?5. Who are James Hutton, Charles Lyell, Henri Becquerel and Ernest Rutherford? What did they discover?6. What is radioactive decay? What is the equation used for radioactive decay? Describe beta and alpha decay. What is 238U decay? 7. What are carbon isotopes? Which are stable? What is Carbon 14 beta decay?8. Do all sedimentary rocks have nice horizontal layers that can be tested to determine the age of each layer? If no, why?9. What two magnetic fields is earth influenced by? Describe them. 10. What is different between the geographic North Pole and the magnetic North Pole?Lecture 3: Earth Structure, Plate Tectonics and Volcanism1. Be able to discuss the overall density of earth and the density of surface rocks. How do we know these values?2. What are the two types of seismic waves? Describe them. How can we use them to help determine the earth’s core?3. Describe earth’s center. Is it homogenous? How do we know?4. Be able to name and describe each layer of the earth’s core. 5. What is isostatic equilibrium? What equation is used for isostatic equilibrium?6. What is Pangea? Be able to describe Pangea and plate tectonics. 7. Describe sea floor spreading, is earth expanding?8. What is paleomagnetics? What are magnetic reversals and when do they occur?9. What is the Curie Point?10. What is the driving mechanism for plate tectonics?11. Describe plate boundaries. What are they? What do they do?12. Describe hotspots and island formation. How do hotspots involve Hawaii?Lecture 4: Ocean Sediments and Ocean History1. What can sediments tell us? How are sediments classified? Describe both types of classification. What are the five types of sediments classified by origin? Describe them. 2. Be able to talk about Hjulstron’s Diagram. 3. What is sediment sorting? What types of environments have well sorted sediment? Poorly sorted sediment?4. What is ice rafted debris? How does this occur?5. How are marine sediments distributed? Describe the different types of marine sediment. Be able to talk about the pattern of distribution of marine sediments. 6. What is calcium carbonate compensation depth? Explain. 7. How are marine sediments studied?8. What was Sollas’s theory about deep sea sediments? Is it plausible? Lecture 5 & 6: Chemistry of Seawater1. What are some unique properties of water? What is the structure of water? Why is water known as a ‘universal solvent’? What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion? What is the ‘contact angle’?2. How does the ocean affect climate vs. land?3. How does the density of water change with temperature? Why does ice float? Why is this animportant concept?4. Describe the distribution of salt in earth’s oceans. What processes regulate salinity?5. What is the difference between erosion and weathering?6. What dissolved ions make up seawater?7. What is the Aquarius Project?8. Why is the North Atlantic Ocean saltier than the North Pacific Ocean?9. What is the Argo Float Program? Why is it important?10. What are isopycnals?11. What are some sources and sinks for the different solutes that are found in the ocean?Lecture 7: Gases in Seawater and CO2 System1. What is the ocean’s density controlled by? What is sigma-t?2. Be able to explain Dalton’s law of partial pressures. 3. What is Henry’s law?4. What are the major components of the atmosphere? 5. What are the common gases in seawater?6. Describe the solubility of oxygen in water. What else do you know about oxygen in the ocean?7. What are some facts about carbon dioxide?8. What is pH? What is the pH of the ocean?9. What is the carbonate system? What is the distribution of carbon species in seawater?Lecture 8: Carbon Dioxide1. What is the Keeling Curve? Why does it look like this?2. How does temperature affect density? How does it affect how much carbon dioxide is taken up by the water? What is the positive feedback trend that could occur here?3. Why is ocean acidification an issue? What is negative feedback?4. How does sea surface carbon dioxide differ worldwide? What about salinity? pH?5. Why does the NASA carbon dioxide model show changing carbon dioxide levels annually? What causes this?6. Describe methane hydrates. What are they? How can they cause negative impacts? Can organisms use methane hydrates to survive? What about positive feedback? What is methane’s role as a greenhouse gas? Lecture 9: Physical Oceanography1. How are temperature salinity and density important concepts?2. Coriolis “force”3. Is this actually a force? Why or why not?4. How does it differ between the northern and southern hemisphere?5. What is centrifugal force?6. How is the idea of ‘self-gravitating’ important with the concepts of waves?7. What are surface and internal waves?8. What two forces define the earth’s shape?9. Be able to describe the “Ocean Forcing and Response – General Considerations” diagram that was shown multiple times throughout the lectures. What does this show us?10. What is thermohaline forcing? Describe the bathtub diagram.11. Describe wind driven currents. What does wind direction depend on? What are circulation patterns in the upper ocean like? What do they result in?12. Describe ocean waves and how they can