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UConn PSYC 1103 - Social Influence: Conflicts and Group Behavior

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PSYC 1103 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. Aggression cont.a. Biological factors cont.b. Environmental factors c. Hypotheses d. Other effects II. Altruism a. Definition b. Examplesc. Arousal d. Other factors e. Empathy-altruism theory f. Evolutionary theory Outline of Current Lecture I. Cooperation, competition, and conflict II. Social dilemmas a. Competing pressures b. Prisoner’s dilemma III. Interpersonal conflict a. Zero-sum gameb. Other factors IV. Group behavior a. Risky shift b. Group polarization effect c. Groupthink d. Group leadership e. Types of leadersCurrent LectureI. Cooperation, competition, and conflict a. Cooperation: working together to attain a goal b. Competition: attempt to attain a goal for one’s self while denying othersc. Conflict: situation in which one group or person is seen as interfering with goal attainment of others d. Situations may quickly switch from cooperation to competition i. Temporarily alliance gives way to trying to win II. Social dilemmasa. Characterized by competing pressuresi. Best for me, bad for group ii. Best for group, not optimal for meiii. Examples:1. Taxes2. Speeding 3. Building codeb. Prisoner’s dilemma i. Two suspects separated for interrogation ii. If neither confesses, serve 1 yeariii. If both confess, both serve 2 yearsiv. If only one confesses, he/she serves 0, but other serves 3 years v. People tend to act competitively here 1. Confessing has better outcome, regardless of other’s action 2. Cooperation has an assured cost 3. But cooperation occurs more than it should under rational theory vi. Once cooperation is broken, hard to regain III. Interpersonal conflict a. Zero-sum game i. Gains are offset by losses everywhere 1. If I make a gain, you’re going to have a loss 2. There’s one slice of pie  Either I or you get it while the other person gets nothing ii. Fixed pie of resources that can only be divided up, not expanded or diminished iii. Adopting this frame tends to invite conflict iv. Examples:1. Estate of deceased relative 2. Spitting up household goods v. Escaping zero-sum game frame helps resolve conflict 1. Buying a house b. Other factors i. Incompatible interests1. We both want the same thing 2. We want the outcome to be differentii. Attributional errors:1. Attributing bad intent to another party iii. Faulty communication 1. You meant one thing, but they took it the wrong way 2. Other side not understood3. Motives, goals, ideas iv. Magnify differences between own and other’s viewpoints 1. Democrats want to socialize everything 2. Republicans want to give all wealth to the wealthyIV. Group behavior a. What happens when people work together?i. Make decisions ii. Produce thingsb. Might assume that having more people involved is betteri. Democratic ideal c. Risky shifti. George believes he can make it as a professional dancer 1. Should he quit his job and move to NYC?ii. Individuals tend to recommend more conservative action than group 1. Tend to rate this as a less good idea when you’re alone2. When you’re in a group, you tend to make a riskier decision d. Group polarization effect i. Sheila meets with her friends to discuss Lady Gaga as a feminist 1. Moves from moderate to strong conviction ii. Interacting with group results in people taking a more extreme view 1. You alone start around a central idea but then after discussion, you and others are on polar opposites of the decision e. Groupthink i. Group harmony becomes more important than making the right decision ii. Impairs group decision making iii. Spaceshuttle “challenger” had a catastrophic failure on launch in 1986 1. “O” ring failed, escape of very hot gas caused structural disintegration 2. Engineers from Morton-Thiokol suspected the risk, argued for postponement with NASA iv. Conformity valued over accuracy 1. Expense, contractual issues v. Close-mindedness 1. Job is to fly vi. Unwilling to consider alternative arguments 1. Denigrate risk argument vii. Self-censorship 1. Stop speaking up or never speak up viii. Lack of impartial leadership f. Group leadership i. Leadership has powerful effects on group s1. Guide group decision making 2. Motivate group 3. Structure group activity ii. Personality traits 1. Agreeableness 2. Emotional stability 3. Extraversion 4. Conscientiousness a. Know what the tasks are and know how to get them done iii. Types of leaders 1. Task-motivated a. Close-supervisioni. Want to be on top of a situation across all the members of the groupb. Give directions c. Limit discussiond. Tend not to be well-liked, but things get done 2. Relationship-motivated a. Loose supervision i. Make assumption that everyone is going to do their job because we have this relationship with each other b. Solicit ideas from members c. Concerned with feelings of members d. Typically well-liked and effective3. Transactionala. Underlying model: exchange of work for rewardb. Reward good behavior c. Correct poor behavior d. “If you want playing time, produce while on the field”e. “Merit pay for exceptional work” 4. Transformational (charismatic)a. Create vision of goals of group b. Don’t exactly tell others what to do c. Inspire and motivate people sometimes without even noticing that they dod. Don’t reward or punishe. “We could change the world by creating


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UConn PSYC 1103 - Social Influence: Conflicts and Group Behavior

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