PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Humans have been observing and manipulating animals for thousands of years.(Probably never observing this!)(But definitely responsible for the existence of domestic animals.)In the classical Greco-Roman world, animals were observed and their behavior recorded. In some cases the recorded behaviors were accurate, but others showed a high degree of anthropomorphism. [Anthropomorphism is any attribution of human characteristics (or characteristics assumed to belong only to humans) to animals, non-living things, phenomena, material states, objects or abstract concepts, such as organizations, governments, spirits or deities.]“Amongst land animals, the elephant is the largest and the one whose intelligence comes nearest that of man, for he understands the language of his country, obeys commands, has a memory for training, takes delight in love and honour, and also possesses a rare thing even amongst men – honesty, self-control and a sense of justice; he also worships stars and venerates the sun and moon.”Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.)Medieval “Bestiaries” were designed to illustrate moral lessons for illiterate European Christians."But ask the animals, and they will teach you, or the birds of the air, and they will tell you; or speak to the earth, and it will teach you, or let the fish of the sea inform you. Which of all these does not know that the hand of the Lord has done this? In his hand is the life of every creature and the breath of all mankind." (Job 12:7-10) “As young pelicans grow, they begin to strike their parents in the face with their beaks. Though the pelican has great love for its young, it strikes back and kills them. After three days, the mother pierces her side or her breast and lets her blood fall on the dead birds, and thus revives them. Some say it is the male pelican that kills the young and revives them with his blood.”The rigorous scientific study of animal behavior did not begin until the latter part of the 19th century, but before that three major developments contributed to the study of animal behavior:1. publication of the theory of evolution by natural selection2. development of a systematic comparative method3. studies in genetics andinheritanceRelatively constant resourcesand population size over timePotential forrapid reproductionCompetition for survivaland reproductionVariability instructures and behaviorsNATURAL SELECTION:On the average, the fittestorganisms leave the most offspringSome variabilityis inheritedEVOLUTION:The genetic makeup of the populationchanges over time,driven by natural selectionObservationConclusion based on observation1. Flow Chart of Evolutionary ReasoningRemember that evolution does not occur to individuals, only to populations over time!This is metamorphosis, NOT evolution!2. Comparative MethodGeorge John Romanes (1848-1894)Formalized the comparative method in studying animal behavior. But also believed that:Mental processes evolve from lower to higher.Continuity of mental processes from one species to another.Can infer mental processes in other animals by comparing to humans.Worms were lowest, showing only surprise and fearInsects had various social feelings and curiosityFish showed play, jealousy and angerReptiles displayed affectionBirds exhibited pride and terrorMammals capable of hate, cruelty and shameSo to Romanes, a scale could be constructed showing the mental states of animals, or what we today would call animal emotion.The comparative method gained legitimacy when C. Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936) stated that only directly observed behaviors or experiments could be used to make generalizations and develop theories.He is probably best known for his “Law of Parsimony” (1903):“In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale.”3. Science of genetics and of inheritanceGregor Mendel (1822-1884) established key principles of the laws of inheritance of biological characteristics.Today, behavior is studied from an evolutionary perspective (how traits can change over time) and genetics (how traits are passed from one generation to another).Animal behavior has a genetic component and this can be studied in ways similar to physiological or anatomical features.Behavior is part of an animal’s phenotype.The ideas, methods and theories established during the the 19th century form the foundation of today’s (21st century) experimental approaches to the study of animal behavior:1. Comparative Psychology and Physiology2. Ethology3. Behavioral Ecology and SociobiologyUntil relatively recently there have been 2 major “schools of thought” regarding the modern study of animal behavior:1. Psychology and 2. EthologyRoughly corresponding to the “Proximate” and “Ultimate” dichotomy.Psychology: Currently, animal behavior as studied by Psychologists can be disguised as many things depending on the University and Departmental Structure:Physiological PsychologyCognitive NeurosciencePsychophysiology(*)BiopsychologyComparative Psychology*Behavioral Neuroscience*Evolutionary PsychologyNeuropsychologyBehaviorism* University of Texas at AustinBehaviourists and comparative psychologists were:•initially North American scientists, •trained in psychology, •rejected the notion of instinct, •interested in the flexibility of behaviour shown by individuals rather than the evolution of behaviour in species, and •understanding the environmental requirements for the development of behaviour in the young; •Studied how animals learn new behaviours, •using a restricted number of species, principally rats and pigeons, •under laboratory conditions, using statistical methods and carefully controlled experimental variables, •with the intention of discovering general laws of behaviour that could be applied to all species including humansComparative Psychology is the study of different animals’ behavior patterns in order to determine the general principles that explain their actions.Broadly speaking, Psychologists studying animal behavior generally concentrate on:Experimentation in LaboratoriesLearning (Conditioned and