Psyc 412 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 20 24 Chapter 2 The Reproductive System Ovaries and Testes o Females two ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone one ovary produces an ovum egg each month if ovum isn t fertilized it is flushed out of the system during menstruation o Males pituitary controls production of testosterone by the testes Testosterone brings about the production of sperm and secondary sex characteristics o Disorders of the Reproductive System sexually transmitted diseases chronic pelvic inflammatory disease PID in women cancer disorders of the menstrual cycle fertility problems o Genetics and Health genetic studies twin research vs adopted children help identify characteristics produced genetically vs environmentally genetic disorders genetic contributions to obesity and alcoholism offset of genetic risks through behavioral interventions genetic counseling The Immune System o Infection the invasion of microbes and their growth in the body Four means of infection direct transmission indirect airborne transmission biological transmission mechanical transmission o The course of infection incubation period period of nonspecific symptoms acute phase disease is at its height fatality or a period of decline during which invading organisms are expelled o Immunity body s resistance to injury from invading organisms develops naturally or artificially nonspecific immune mechanisms and specific immune mechanisms Nonspecific immunity o Phagocytosis Physical Barriers e g skin Antimicrobial substances Inflammatory response Specific Immunity Humoral immunity mediated by B lymphocytes Produce antibodies Cell mediated immunity o involving T lymphocytes Lymphatic System s role in immunity drainage system of the body spleen tonsils thymus gland are important organs Disorders related to the Immune System AIDS progressive impairment of immunity cancer depends heavily on immunocompromise Diseases of the Immune System infectious disorders o elephantiasis splenomegaly tonsillitis mononucleosis lymphoma o autoimmunity Chapter 13 Coronary Heart disease o What is Coronary Heart Disease CHD a general term referring to illnesses caused byatherosclerosis the narrowing of coronary arteries the vessels that supply the heart with blood may be caused by inflammatory processes highblood pressure diabetes cigarette smoking obesity high serum cholesterol level and lowlevels of physical activity o Role of stress chronic and acute stress have been linked to CHD CHD more common in individuals low in socioeconomic status SES job factors linked to CHD balance of demand and control in daily life is associated with CHD social instability tied to higher rates of CHD o Women and CHD leading killer of women in the U S women seem tobe protected at younger ages relative to men higher levels of HDL estrogen diminishes sympathetic nervous systemarousal higher risk of cardiovascular disease after menopause o Type A personality Time urgency o o o o o o o o Competitiveness Achievement Orientation Rapid pace of work Hostility Cardiovascular reactivity personality and CHD anger and hostility are risk factors for CHD Hostile people often have developmental antecedents difficulty expressing vs harboring hostility hostility within social relationships reactivity mechanisms linking reactivity and psychological factors Depression and CHD depression can lead to development and progressionof CHD there is a link between depression and metabolicsyndrome depression is tied to elevated C reactive protein amarker of inflammation Other psychological risk factors and CHD vigilant coping anxiety implicated in sudden cardiac death helplessness pessimism and a tendency toruminate over problems attempting to dominate social interactions vital exhaustion a mental state characterized by extreme fatigue a feeling of being dejected or defeated and an enhanced irritability Modification of CHD risk related behavior dietary intervention programs to stop smoking aerobic exercise in particular Modifying hostility relaxation training speech style interventions Management of heart disease role of delay patients often delay before seeking treatment initial treatment cardiac rehabilitation process by which patients attain theiroptimal physical medical psychological social emotional vocational and economic status Management of heart disease cont treatment by medication Beta adrenergic blocking agents Aspirin is commonly prescribed Statins diet and activity level stress management depression targeting evaluation of cardiac rehabilitation evaluation of social support Hypertension high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease CVD o How is hypertension measured levels of systolic and diastolic pressure are measured by a sphygmomanometer o What causes hypertension 90 is essential unknown 5 is caused by failure of the kidneys genetic factors emotional factors o Relationship between stress and hypertension combination of high demand low control chronic social conflict job strain associated with crowded noisy locales migration from rural to urban areas women extensive family responsibilities o How do we study stress and hypertension bring people with hypertension into labs torespond to stressful tasks identify stressful circumstances such as highpressure jobs and examine rates ofhypertension ambulatory monitoring o Psychosocial factors and hypertension originally thought to be a constellation of personality factors suppressed anger thought to be dominant currently personality insufficient for developing hypertension expressed anger and the potential for hostility number of conflict ridden interactions in daily life o Stress and hypertension among African Americans tied to stress of racial discrimination stressful locales dark skinned African Americans have higher rates of hypertension than lighterskinned African Americans especially prevalent in lower income groups including lower income African Americans o Treatment of hypertension low sodium diet reduction of alcohol weight reduction in overweight patients exercise caffeine restriction o Drug treatments diuretics Beta adrenergic blockers vasodilators central adrenergic inhibitors o Cognitive behavioral treatments relaxation stress management exercise anger management o Evaluation of cognitive behavioral interventions seem to be very successful reduce drug requirements sometimes the combination of cognitive behavioral techniques and drugs appears to be the best approach o Problems in