Structuralism the break down of something Wilhelm Wundt Edward Titchener Aimed to discover the minds structure Functionalism how everything works William James Introspection Looking inward describing how they felt when they touched smelled saw heard something Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Believed that theses same behaviors shown in humans could happen in animals too Dog saliva test Drooling Unconditioned Response Food Unconditioned Stimulus Tone Neutral Stimulus KNOW PAVLOV S EXPERIMENT Classical Conditioning Acquisition In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response In operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response Spontaneous Recovery the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause suggested to Pavlov that extinction was suppressing the CR rather than eliminating it Extinction the diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced Higher Order Conditioning a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second often weaker conditioned stimulus For example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone Also called second order conditioning John B Watson Working with Rayner Watson championed in psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby Little Albert B F Skinner Leading behaviorist Rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior Behaviorism the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes Operant Conditioning Unconditioned Response in classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response such as salivation to an unconditioned stimulus such as food Unconditioned Stimulus in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response Conditioned Response in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus in classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response Reinforcement positive increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response Negative increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses After a certain amount of work completed at the factory the employee is awarded a break Variable Ratio Schedule in operant conditioning reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response after an unpredictable number of responses Slot Machines you don t know how long or how many times you will need to pull the lever until you win Fixed Interval in operant conditioning a reinforcement scheduled that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed How ever long an individual works awarded with paycheck Variable Interval Schedule in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response at unpredictable time intervals Freud s Defense Mechanisms Repression in psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Defense mechanisms are tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Carl Jung Thematic Apperception Test TAT Showing the patient a picture and asking them to tell a story about the picture Rorschach Inkblot Test describing what shape the inkblot is in on the middle of the paper IntroversionExtraversionCollective Unconscious analytical theory Neuron a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system NEURON BODY CELL BODY Dendrite a neuron s bushy branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body A chemical messenger goes from the axon to cell body to dendrites Axon the neuron extinction that passes messages through its branches to other neurons muscles or glands Myelin Sheath a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next Synapse the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron The tiny gap at this junction is called the Synaptic Gap Neurotransmitter chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons When released by the sending neuron neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse Serotonin Affects mood hunger sleep and arousal Undersupply linked to depression Some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels Dopamine Influences movement learning attention and emotion Oversupply linked to schizophrenia Reuptake a neurotransmitter s reabsorption by the sending neuron Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body s skeletal muscles Also called the skeletal nervous system Self Serving Bias Our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably Confirmation Bias a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure Reliability the extent to which a test yields a consistent reproducible measure of performance If a test is valid then it is reliable but a reliable test is not valid Prejudice an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a particular group Aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy whether done out of hostility or as a calculated means to an end biological viewpoint Fundamental Attribution Error the tendency for observers when analyzing another s