Chemistry 103 1st Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Chapters 5 11 and 12 Chapter 5 Gasses Student Objectives 5 1 Breathing Putting Pressure to Work Define pressure and understand how differences in pressure lead to the act of breathing 5 2 Pressure The Result of Molecular Collisions Describe pressure from a molecular point of view Explain examples of pressure wind and pressure imbalance on the eardrum Explain why pressure can be measured in mm of Hg and convert between the different pressure units Identify the origin of the two numbers for blood pressure 5 3 The Simple Gas Laws Boyle s Law Charles s Law and Avogadro s Law Be able to rationalize Boyle s law the inverse relationship between volume and pressure Use the inverse mathematical relationship between pressure and volume to solve initial and final states problems at constant temperature and amount Rationalize Charles s law the direct relationship between volume and temperature Use the direct mathematical relationship between volume and temperature to solve initial and final states problems at constant pressure and amount Rationalize Avogadro s law the direct relationship between volume and amount moles Use the direct mathematical relationship between volume and amount to solve initial and final states problems at constant pressure and temperature 5 4 The Ideal Gas Law Combines the three simple gas laws into one equation called the ideal gas law o PV nRT Calculate using the ideal gas law and the gas constant R with the appropriate value and units o R 08206 atm L mol K o R 62 3 torr L mol K 5 5 Applications of the Ideal Gas Law Molar Volume Density and Molar Mass of a Gas Define standard temperature and pressure and molar volume of an ideal gas o STP 22 4 L at 1 atm and 273 15K Describe and apply the relationship between molar volume molar mass and density o d PM RT M molar mass Calculate using density molar mass and molar volume 5 6 Mixtures of Gases and Partial Pressures Define and understand partial pressure of a gaseous component in a mixture Define and determine mole fraction of a component in a mixture Use Dalton s law of partial pressures in relationship to mole fraction of a gas to the partial pressure of the gas Describe how the total pressure affects the partial pressures of gases in blood especially during deep sea diving Apply the technique of collecting gases over water in calculations 5 7 Gases in Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry Revisited Apply stoichiometry to gases via the number of moles in the ideal gas law Describe how stoichiometry relates to molar volume 5 8 Kinetic Molecular Theory A Model for Gases Define kinetic molecular theory for gases Explain each of the three postulates assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain Boyle s Charles s Avogadro s and Dalton s laws Follow the derivation of the ideal gas law from the kinetic molecular theory Describe the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature Describe the relationship between speed and molar mass Use a graphical representation to describe the distribution of molecular speeds 5 9 Mean Free Path Diffusion and Effusion of Gases Define and understand mean free path Define diffusion and effusion and explain how they are related to the kinetic molecular theory Chapter 11 Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces Student Objectives 11 1 Climbing Geckos and Intermolecular Forces Know that intermolecular forces are attractive forces between individual molecules Know that the gecko s ability to climb smooth surfaces is due to intermolecular forces 11 2 Solids Liquids and Gases A Molecular Comparison Know the properties that differentiate the phases of matter density molar volume molecular shape and strength of intermolecular forces Define crystalline and amorphous and recognize the difference in solids Know that both temperature and pressure can affect phase changes 11 3 Intermolecular Forces The Forces That Hold Condensed States Together Know and understand that intermolecular forces originate from the interactions between charges partial charges and temporary charges on molecules atoms and ions Know how Coulomb s law describes the mathematical relationship between energy of attraction magnitude of charge and distance Know and understand that dispersion London forces result from fluctuations of electron distribution within molecules and atoms Identify and predict how the shape and sizes of molecules or atoms affects the magnitude of dispersion forces the particles exhibit as well as macroscopic physical properties like boiling point Know and understand that polar molecules have permanent dipoles that attract each other through dipole dipole interactions Know and understand the phenomenon of hydrogen bonding Predict the ability of molecules to exhibit hydrogen bonding Recognize hydrogen bonding as the force that holds double stranded DNA together Rank a series of molecular compounds with respect to boiling point Know and understand that the interaction of ions and dipoles leads to the dissolution and solvation of ions by water and other polar liquids 11 4 Intermolecular Forces in Action Surface Tension Viscosity and Capillary Action Know and understand that surface tension is due to intermolecular forces Describe examples of surface tension Know and understand that viscosity is due to intermolecular forces mass shape and length Know and understand that capillary action is the result of both cohesive and adhesive forces 11 5 Vaporization and Vapor Pressure Understand the process of vaporization and how it changes with temperature surface area and the degree of intermolecular forces Understand that molecules or atoms have a distribution of thermal energies that changes as a function of temperature Know that the heat of vaporization Hvap is a quantitative measure for the process of vaporization Calculate and interconvert mass moles and energy using the heat of vaporization Know and understand how vapor pressure and dynamic equilibrium dictate vaporization and condensation Know that the vapor pressure of a liquid depends on temperature and that the boiling point of a liquid depends on the external pressure Use the Clausius Clapeyron equation to relate temperature and vapor pressure Define critical temperature and critical pressure 11 6 Sublimation and Fusion Define and understand sublimation and deposition Define and understand fusion in the context of phase changes Use the heat of fusion Hfus in calculations