PSYC 3830 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Chapter 1 - Overview Overview Define Abnormality -Suffering, maladpativness, statistical deviancy, violation of standards, causes social discomfort, irrationality, unpredictability, dangerousness, time, and culture Consilience and Classification -Consilience is the idea that everything can be studied and analyzed at different levels -The NIMH uses the consilience model instead of the DSM. They work at getting the underlying, fundamental cause by looking at different functionalities within different levels of consilience. They are mostly concerned with the smaller scale. -The DSM defines a mental disorder as a syndrome, disturbance, dysfunction in underlying processes, and distress/impairment in many areas. The DSM also believes that disorders are dueto a medical condition on the biological level. However, it also takes culture, identity, resilience, and relationships with therapists into account. -Epidemiology is the study of distribution of diseases, disorders, or health related behaviors.-Prevalence is the number of active cases during a given period of time Point prevalence is the estimated proportion of actual, active casesMore than 50% of adults will experience a mental disorder during their lifeMost common diseases are MDD, alcohol abuse, specific phobias, social phobias, and conduct disorder.-Incidence is the number of new cases that occur Research Approaches-Sources of info are a combination of self report and observation-Case studies -Correlational research – no manipulation of variables, observational-Effect size – compare results for different studies with different sample sizes, reflects size of association-Meta analysis – calculates and combines the effect sizes from all studiesChapter 3 – Causal Factors and ViewpointsEtiology – causal pattern of abnormal behaviorNecessary Cause – If Y occurs, then X must have preceded it Sufficient Cause – if X occurs, Y will occur Contributory Cause – If X occurs, the probability of Y occurring increasesDiathesis Stress Model – when disorders develop due to a stressor being placed on a person that is vulnerable to a disease Viewpoints for Understanding Causes-Biopsychosocial – combines biological, psychological, and sociocultural viewpoints-Biological – imbalances of neurotransmitters and hormones, hormone imbalances, genetic vulnerabilities, temperament, brain dysfunction .-Psychodynamic – personality structure, ego psychology, object relations, interpersonal issues, attachment issues -Behavioral – generalization, discrimination, observational learning and conditioning-Cognitive Behavioral – regulation of internal thoughts, preparing ourselves for tasks, underlyingschemas -Sociocultural – low SES, race, gender, ethnicity, homelessness, violence -Humanistic – the power of the person to heal themselves-Causal Factors include institutionalism as a child, neglect and abuse, separation, poor parentingstyles, divorce, and maladaptive peer relations.Chapter 4 – Assessment/Diagnosis Assessment Basic Elements-physicians must know presenting problem-situational or environmental?-manifestation of a long term disorder?-combination?-evidence of decrease in cognitive functioning?Assessment of Physicality-General check up-Neurological exam – EEG, brain scan-Neuropsychological exam – measures cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance with techniques such as the Halstead category test, tactual performance test, rhythm test, speech sounds test, and finger oscillation task. -Psychological assessment – interviews, IQ tests, projective personality tests, and objective personality tests-Clinical observation of behavior – self monitoring and analogue situations Factors Addressing Ethical Issues in Assessment-potential cultural bias-theoretical observation of clinician-underemphasis of external stimuli-insufficient cause-inaccurate data/premature evaluation DSM’s Assessment Process-life data-observational data (from expert or informant) -test data-self report data Chapter 5 – StressStressFactors Predisposing People to Stress-family history-environment-5HTTLPR gene-stress tolerance Characteristics of Stressor-severity-length-timing-closeness to life-controllability-crisis vs non crisisStress Response The sympathetic adrenomedullary system mobilizes resources to prepare for fight or flight. It begins in the hypothalamus, sending stimulation to the sympathetic nervous system and then tothe adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. In the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal system, the hypothalamus releases CRH to stimulate the pituitary gland, causing the release of ACTH. This activates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. For the immune system, stress leads to lower levels of functioning.Cardiovascular DiseaseHypertension – when we are stressed, blood vessels constrict, causing the heart to work harder. This increases risk of heart disease and stroke.Coronary Heart Disease – blockage of arteries that supply the heart, causing severe chest pain.Causes/Risk Factors – chronic and acute stress, personality (A,D), depression, anxiety, social isolation, lack of support, and lack of emotional regulation.Treatment – surgery, medication, emotional disclosure, biofeedback, relaxation techniquesStress Related Disorders1.PTSD – exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or sexual violence either directly, witnessing in person, or through repeated exposure. Symptoms for 1+ months must be present in each of the following categories: intrusion, avoidance of associated stimuli, negative change in mood/cognition, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. Risk factors include being female, lack of social support, negative emotions, family history, attribution style, smaller hippocampus, lack of justification, etc. 2.Adjustment Disorder – begins within 3 months and doesn’t last longer than 6. Emotional and behavioral problems that don’t represent normal grieving. Diagnosed with subtypes of depressed mood, anxiety, depressed mood + anxiety, disturbance in conduct. 3.Reactive Attachment Disorder – emotionally withdrawn, 2+ symptoms of minimal social/emotional responsiveness, limited positive emotions, episodes of irritability, sadness, or fearfulness. Caused by insufficient care.4.Disinhibited Social Disorder – pattern of being too attached, approaches and interacts withstrangers, overly familiar with age inappropriate behavior, won’t