Water-Soluble Vitamins: B Vitamins A) Form Part of a Coenzymes That Assist in Energy Metabolism : 1. Thiamin (B1):a. Coenzyme- TPPb. Deficiency: Beriberic. Source: porkd. Destroyed by: heat2. Riboflavin (B2):a. Coenzyme- FAD, FMNb. Deficiency: inflammationc. Source: Liverd. Destroyed By: UV light, irradiation 3. Niacin: made from tryptophan a. Coenzyme- NAD, NADPb. Deficiency: pellagrac. Toxicity: “niacin flush” 3-4x RDAd. Source: protein-rich foods 4. Biotin:a. Coenzyme- in TCA cycleb. Deficiency: raw egg whites prevent absorptionc. Source: widespread in foods, synthesized by GI bacteria B) Metabolism: 1. Pantothenic Acid: a. Coenzyme- coenzyme A b. Deficiency: digestive and neurological disturbances Water-Soluble Vitamins (B &C) Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K) Absorption Direct to blood Lymphs bloodTransport Travel freely Require transport proteinsStorage Circulate freely In fat cellsExcretion Kidneys detect & remove Tend to remain in fat storage sitesRequirements Frequent doses Periodic dosesToxicity Possible w/ supplements Likely w/ supplementsOrganic easily destroyed Organic easily destroyedc. Source: widespread in foods d. Destroyed by: Food processing2. B6: a. Coenzyme: PLP & PMP, assists in metabolizing amino acidsb. Deficiency: c. Toxicity: d. Source: protein-rich foods e. Destroyed by: heat3. Folate: protects against neural tube defects a. Coenzyme: THF, DHF, help cells multiply (DNA synthesis) b. Deficiency: anemia c. Toxicity: masks B12 deficiency d. Source: legumes, vegetables e. Destroyed by: heat, oxygen 4. B12: a. Coenzyme: methylcobalamin, help cells multiplyb. Deficiency: Pernicious anemia c. Source: animal products d. Destroyed by: microwave heating 5. Choline:a. Function: synthesis of acetylcholine synthesis b. Deficiency: liver damage c. Toxicity: body odor, sweating, liver damage d. Source: milk, liver, eggs, peanuts6. Non Vitamins: a. Inositol: nonessential nutrient made from glucose, part of cell membrane structures b. Carnitine: nonessential amino acid made from lysine that helpstransport fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane. Vitamin C- antioxidant a. Function: Collagen synthesisb. Deficiency: scurvy, anemia (small-cell type) c. Toxicity: kidney stones, nausead. Source: fruits and veggiese. Destroyed by: heat, oxygen f. Recommendations: highest in smokers The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 1. Vitamin A: a. Role: mineralization of bones b. Beta-Carotene: in plant foodsi. Function: Visionc. Retinol: in animal foodsi. Function: reproduction ii. Retinol RetinalRetinoic acid d. Deficiency: night blindness, keratinizatione. Toxicity: increased osteoclast activity, birth defects f. Source: liver, sweet potatoes, dark greens 2. Vitamin D (calciferol): a. Forms: i. Vitamin D2- plant foodsii. Vitamin D3 –animal products, produced by skinb. Made: in liverkidneys c. Deficiency: Rickets (in kids), osteomalacia (in adults)d. Toxicity: calcium inbalance, calcification of soft tissues e. Source: sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish 3. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol):a. Role: antioxidantb. Deficiency: red blood cell breakage, nerve damage c. Toxicity: augments the effects of anticlotting medication d. Source: vegetable oilse. Destroyed by: heat, oxygen4. Vitamin K:a. Role: synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins b. Deficiency: hemorrhagingc. Source: bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract, liver; dark greensWater and the Major Minerals Water and the Body Fluids:Intracellular fluid: fluid within cells, high in potassium and phosphate, 2/3 of body’s water Extracellular fluid: fluid outside of cells, 1/3 of body’s water 1. Interstitial fluid: between cells2. Intravascular fluid: of plasma Hyponatremia: a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood Blood Volume and Pressure:Renin: an enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which results in the kidneys reabsorbing sodiumAngiotensin I: an inactive precursor that is converted by an enzyme to yield active angiotensin II Angiotensin II: a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation Aldosterone: a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. Aldosterone also regulates chloride and potassium concentrationsDissociation of Salt in WaterAnion: negative ionCation: positive ion The Minerals: Major Minerals: 1. Sodium: a. Role: Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction b. Deficiency: Hyponatremia from excessive loss c. Toxicity: Edema, acute hypertension2. Chloride: a. Role: Maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance; part of HCl acid in stomach, necessary for digestionb. Toxicity: Vomiting c. Sources: Table salt, soy sauce 3. Potassium: a. Role: Maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance; facilitates many rxn; b. Deficiency: irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance c. Toxicity: muscular weakness; vomiting; if injected can stop heartd. Sources: All whole foods 4. Calcium:a. Role: mineralization of bones, blood clotting, muscle contraction b. Deficiency: stunted growth (kids), osteoporosis c. Toxicity: Constipation; urinary stone formationd. Sources: milk, small fish, tofu, greens 5. Phosphorus:a. Role: Mineralization of bones and teeth, part of phospholipidsb. Deficiency: Muscular weakness, bone painc. Toxicity: Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneysd. Sources: animal products 6. Magnesium:a. Role: bone mineralization, building of proteinsb. Deficiency: weakness; confusion; bizarre muscle movement c. Toxicity: nonfood sources only; diarrhead. Sources: nuts, legumes, whole grains, chocolate7. Sulfate: a. Role: stabilizes protein shape, part of vitamins biotin and thiamin b. Toxicity: rare, suppress growth in animals c. Sources: all protein-containing