Psych 3320 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Chapters: 1 - 15We are just going to hit major highlights for our final exam. Below is a list of learning objectives to help you focus your studying. Notice that there is heavy emphasis on the first three chapters because they provide the foundation for all following chapters. The entire exam will be multiple choice, matching, and a few true-false items.1. Be able to identify primary receiving areas of the brain for the different senses.Chapter 12. State and explain each step of the perceptual process. Distinguish between the psychophysical and physiological approaches.3. Define the three psychophysical methods for measuring thresholds (method of limits, method of adjustment, and method of constant stimuli). Know the strengths and weaknesses of each method and be able to recognize new examples.4. Define “absolute threshold” and “difference threshold.”5. State and discuss Weber’s law, and give examples of Weber fractions.6. Describe the method used in magnitude estimation studies, and know the difference between response compression and response expansion.7. State and discuss Stevens’ Power Law.8. Understand the rationale for Signal Detection Theory.Chapter 29. Be able to label all parts of the eye and know the function of each part.10. Describe symptoms and causes of presbyopia, myopia, and hyperopia.11. Discuss differences between the distribution of rods and cones. 12. Be able to label parts of a neuron.13. Describe how electrical signals in a neuron are created (components of an action potential), and identify the basic properties of action potentials.14. Discuss the difference between excitatory transmitters and inhibitory transmitters. Discuss why inhibition exists and how excitation and inhibition affect a cell’s firing rate.15. Describe what convergence is and the difference in convergence between rods and cones. Explain how differences in the distribution and convergence of rods and cones relate to visual acuity and dark adaptation.16. Describe methods used to test infant perception (across all chapters)—preferential looking, habituation/dishabituation, and operant conditioning. Know examples of experiments using each method (major ones that we discussed in class).Chapter 317. Visually depict converging circuits with excitation and inhibition. Be able to describe how stimulating the receptors in various ways results in different neural firing.18. Define lateral inhibition and understand how it works (but you will not need to do any calculations). Describe how certain perceptual phenomena can be explained by lateral inhibition (Hermann Grid, Mach Bands, and simultaneous contrast).19. Define receptive field and describe the method used to map receptive fields. Describe how receptivefields are related to converging circuits.20. Describe processing of visual information from retina to LGN to cortex. Explain why cortical cells are sometimes called feature detectors.21. Understand the basic characteristics of gratings, including contrast and orientation. Define contrast threshold and understand the importance of selective adaptation.22. Define experience-dependent plasticity and describe a demonstration of this in kittens. Discuss how amblyopia also illustrates this concept.Chapter 423. Describe cortical magnification and why it occurs.24. Identify and define the “what” and “where” pathways and know the function of each one.25. Describe the methods, results, and significance of the “Greeble” study. Describe the expertise hypothesis in relation to FFA research, and relate this to the “Greeble” study.Chapter 526. Discuss differences between the structuralist and Gestalt views of perception. Give examples of phenomena that are evidence against the structuralist view of perception.27. State, describe, and recognize examples of the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization.Chapter 628. Describe examples indicating that attention is necessary for perception (inattentional blindness; change detection and continuity errors).29. Describe the load theory of attention.30. Describe Treisman’s feature integration theory.Chapter 731. In what major ways does Gibson’s ecological approach to perception differ from more traditional theories and research on perception?32. Discuss the role that optic flow plays in maintaining balance while standing or walking.Chapter 833. State the major principles of the corollary discharge theory of movement perception, and discuss behavioral and physiological support for this theory.Chapter 934. Compare and contrast the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision. Describe evidence to support each view and discuss which theory is correct.35. Describe a study of infant color vision. How does infant color vision compare to that of adults?Chapter 1036. Identify various cues for depth perception—oculomotor cues, monocular cues (pictorial depth cues and motion-produced cues), and binocular depth cues.37. Define and explain size constancy.Chapter 1138. Be able to label all parts of the ear and know the function of each part.39. Describe how transduction occurs in the cochlea.40. Describe a study demonstrating both hearing and learning during prenatal development.Chapter 1241. Relate principles of auditory grouping to the Gestalt principles of organization.42. Discuss the “what” and “where” streams for hearing.Chapter 1343. In what three ways do we solve the problem of variability in the acoustic signal for speech?44. Describe developmental changes in speech perception.Chapter 1445. Relate the previously-learned terms of “cortical magnification,” “plasticity,” and “receptive fields” to S1.46. Discuss the major principles of the gate-control model of pain, and identify specific cognitive factors that affect pain perception.Chapter 1547. Discuss how taste is affected by color, smell, and expectations.48. Explain why a dog’s odor detection is better than a human’s.49. Discuss some of the difficulties in studying