PSYCH 1103 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Obedience a. Definition b. Milgram’s Obedience Studyc. Milgram’s results II. Factors affecting obedience a. Experimenter status b. Behavior of other people c. Personality d. Relate to real world III. Social roles a. Stanford prison experiment IV. Summary: obedience & social roles V. Aggression a. Biological factors Outline of Current Lecture I. Aggression cont.a. Biological factors cont.b. Environmental factors c. Hypotheses d. Other effects II. Altruism a. Definition b. Examplesc. Arousal d. Other factors e. Empathy-altruism theory f. Evolutionary theory Current LectureI. Aggression a. Biological factors i. Drugs1. Alcohol a. Reduces your ability to do planning, monitor what you’re doing, interpretation, etc.b. Sham alcohol increase aggressive behavior2. Opiates increase aggressive behavior 3. Mechanisms not well understood b. Environmental factors i. Wide cultural variations 1. Utkuhikhalik (Utku): aggression is largely unacceptable among adults2. Buddhism: peace/nonviolence as a core value 3. Western society: values aggressive behavior ii. Learning 1. Bandura’s “bobo” doll a. If aggression is modeled for you, then you’re more likely tobe aggressive2. Television a. Watching violent TV correlated with:i. Aggressive behaviorii. Desensitization iii. Fear of victimizationb. Effects of violent TVi. Many studies show that viewing TV violence increases aggressionii. Effects at the level of brain activation iii. Murray et al.1. Showed 8 children (ages 8-12) two 3 min videosa. Violent: Rocky IVb. Nonviolent: PBS 2. Children in fMRI scanner3. Major differences in areas associated with memory formation, motor planning, arousal, and attention c. Hypotheses i. Frustration-aggression 1. (Frustration: reaction to being prevented from reaching a goal)2. Frustration always leads to aggression 3. Probably too simple: a. Frustration can also lead to withdrawal depression ii. Generalized arousal1. Arousal from one source may carry over into aggressive behavior 2. Excitation transfer3. For examplea. Near fall b. Residual arousal leads to aggressive behaviord. Other effects i. Seasonal 1. Tend to be more violent crimes in the summer 2. Hypotheses:a. Temperature b. Contactii. Crowding 1. Crowded conditions increase aggressive behavior 2. Hypotheses:a. Arousalb. Stress c. Types of interactions II. Altruism a. Unselfishly concern for the welfare of another b. Children quickly develop a sense of altruism i. Modeling ii. Approval iii. Intrinsically motivatedc. Examples:i. Comforting a hurt friend ii. Rescuing an injured animal iii. Donating money to a charity d. Why worry about someone else?i. Difficult to explain from cost/benefit (rational) perspective e. Arousal: cost-reward theory i. Seeing person in trouble is distressing ii. Distress or arousal motivates action to help 1. Experimentally manipulated base level of arousal increases likelihood of helping f. Other factors i. Clarity of need for help 1. Explicit request: for help ii. Presence of others: 1. People often fail to come to someone’s aid if others are present 2. Kitty Genovese incident a. In 1964, women attacked and stabbed outside NYC apartment building b. People heard, attack lasted 30 minc. No one called police or tried to help until too late d. Diffusion of responsibility g. Empathy-altruism theory i. Altruism is driven by the emotion of empathy for other personh. Evolutionary theory i. Altruism is driven by inclusive fitness or fitness of the group ii. Kin selection: helping a relative