NTRES 2201 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of previous lectureI. Guest lecturerII. IntroIII. CitiesIV. Benefits of nature in citiesV. Health benefitsVI. Community benefitsVII. Christine’s researchA) Millions trees NYCB) Research in IthacaOutline of current lectureI. Critiques of SimonII. UrbanizationA) Trends in urbanizationB) CausesC) ImpactsIII. Models of urbanizationA) USA modelB) Types of rural change?C) How do these changes come about?Current lectureI. Critiques of Simon*Simon was saying-Population growth is not bad for the environment-Natural resources are getting less scarce-“Skeptical Environmentalist”  despite supposed disaster, things have been getting better-Constructivist argument-Population is a resource (more minds and hands)*Critiques-Is price really a good indication of scarcity?#Perhaps the actual amount there is is a better indication#Criticized by materialists#A lot of other things drive price as well, not really pure-If you look at where population growth is the greatest…These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.#People in these underdeveloped countries can’t necessarily get the opportunity to contribute their part (limited access to education, focus on survival etc)II. Urbanization*We need to care about the well-being of urban places-Too much emphasis on pristine areas -Baltimore: does this system have anything to do with the rural areas around it? Yes#People could leave the city to be saferA) Trends in urbanization*Most of the population growth we’ve seen is urban*In thirty years (2000-2030) we expect-0.1 billion more people in rural areas-2.1 billion more people in urban areas-Most of this growth is in the developing world-Urban places=vulnerabilityB) Causes*Urbanization in developing countries-Migration into cities-City boundaries expanding-Individual troubles-Issues: what are the bigger social drivers?#Search for wage labor#Rural land dispossession (land being lost, assets lost)*Less subsistence agriculture*More market agriculture*People in power see a chance for wealth, drive people out#Countries with large levels of debt*Get out by of debt by becoming more involved in the marketC) Impacts*Increasing footprint*Increasing concentration of power*Rural places become colonies of urban places*Crime and health issues*Vulnerability (especially in developing world)-Combination of the nature of the event itself and context#Event itself: is it an earthquake, avalanche, tsunami?#Context: social vulnerability (capacity to respond, infrastructure quality, etc)#An earthquake of the same magnitude can have very different long term effects in two different places-Why is context so different?#Lower capacity to respond#Growing megacitiesvulnerable#Growth on urban fringenot as high quality because all the good places to build are taken (shanty towns)#New migrants*Not a lot of capital bringing in (social, monetary, human)*Don’t necessarily have a claim to the place they are buildingIII. Models of urbanizationA) USA model*People are not moving to the cities*Urban sprawl-Population deconcentration-Mathematical definition# %land conversion/%land growth#Gives you an idea of how EFFICIENT the conversion is, not just the totalland conversion#In the US, which area is the sprawliest? Northeast, Midwest, South, or West?*Answer: Northeast, followed closely by Midwest*Pennsylvania is the sprawliest state*Boundaries of cities moving out to annex rural landsRural Urban1920 35.8m 70m2000 59m 226m+3% +14% I am quite unsure how this math worksB) Types of rural change*Growth in booming places-Areas busting at the seams-People wanting to live outside of these areas*Sprawling in areas that are not well off economically-Escape from busting places*Growth in rural places (high amenity areas)-Near coastline, mountain, riversC) How do these changes come about?*Migration*Difference in birth-death rates*Reclassification of what rural/urban places are*How come people are sprawling in the US#Land on the urban fringe is cheaper/taxed lower#People want 2 acres of green lawns#Average household size is