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UMass Amherst MICROBIO 310 - Direct Contact Transmission of Diseases

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Microbio 310 1st Edition Lecture 32 Outline of Last Lecture I. 33.3 Diptheria and PertussisII. 33.4 Mycobacterium, Tuberculosis, and Hansen’s DiseaseIII. 33.5 Neisseria meningitidis, Meningitis, and MeningococcemiaIV. 33.6 Viruses and Respiratory InfectionsV. 33.7 ColdsVI. 33.8 InfluenzaOutline of Current Lecture I. 33.9 StaphylococcusII. 33.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric UlcersIII. 33.11 Hepatitis VirusesIV. 33.13 TrichomoniasisV. 33.14 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: AIDS & HIVCurrent Lecture33.9 Staphylococcus • Staphylococcus is a nonsporulating, gram-positive cocci that divides into several planes to form irregular clumps• Staphylococci cause diseases including acne, boils, pimples, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, carditis, meningitis, and arthritis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• Many diseases result from pyogenic infection or from the actions of staphylococcal superantigen (massively upregulates the T-cell response) exotoxins 33.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Ulcers•  Helicobacter pylori– A gram-negative, highly motile, spiral*-shaped bacterium associated with gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancers– Colonizes the non-acid-secreting mucosa of the stomach and upper intestinal tract– Transmitted via person-to-person contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water– (*not a spirochete: Lyme’s or relapsing fever) Flagellated, helical Senses ph, produces Urease, increases acid 50% world colonized, 85% have it but are asymptomatic 80% of gastric cancers, 90% of duodenal ulcers are H pylori related Grehlin – “hungry” expression stops when stomach stretched Grehlin plasma levels increase when H pylori is eradicated33.11 Hepatitis Viruses• Hepatitis– Liver inflammation caused by viruses or bacteria– Sometimes results in acute illness followed by destruction of liver anatomy and cells (cirrhosis=scarring)– A restricted group of viruses is associated with liver disease– Hepatitis viruses are diverse• Hepatitis A virus (infectious hepatitis)– Causes mild or, rarely, severe cases of liver disease• Hepatitis B virus– Causes acute, often severe disease that can lead to liver failure and death• Hepatitis D virus– A defective virus that cannot replicate and express a complete virus unless the cell is also infected with hepatitis B• Hepatitis C virus– Produces a mild disease initially, but most individuals develop chronic hepatitis that can lead to chronic liver disease• Hepatitis E virus– Causes an acute, self-limiting hepatitis that varies in severity• Hepatitis G virus– Causes very mild disease or is asymptomatic• Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatitis– Decreased significantly in the U.S. in the last 20 years – Viral hepatitis is still a major public health problem• Due to the high infectivity of the viruses and the lack of effective treatment options– Vaccines are available for Hepatitis A and B viruses33.13 Trichomoniasis– Nongonoccal urethritis may also be caused by infections with the protist  Trichomonas vaginalis– Generally transmitted via sexual contact, but can also transmit via contaminated toilet seats, paper towels, etc.– Typically asymptomatic in males– For females, infections are characterized by vaginal discharge, vaginitis, and painful urination33.14 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: AIDS & HIV• Worldwide 39M dead, 1.5 M /yr, 39 M infected• Opportunistic infections are common in AIDS patients. The most common is pneumonia caused by the protist Pneumocystis jiroveci• A frequent nonmicrobial disease in AIDS patients is Kaposi’s sarcoma, an atypical cancer; most people can keep it at bay because we have a strong immune system but AIDS patients don’t• HIV Pathogenesis– HIV infects cells that contain the CD4 cell surface protein– Most commonly infected are macrophages and T-helper cells– HIV also interacts with co receptors on target cells– Reverse transcriptase has high mutation rates; The Berlin Patient (cured of AIDS)• HIV infection does not immediately kill the host cell• Infection results in a progressive decline in CD4 cells; CD4 count is a measure of health of the immune system• As the number of CD4 cells declines, cytokine production falls, leading to reduction of the immune response and you will die• HIV infection can be diagnosed with an HIV-EIA, HIV-immunoblot, or rapid tests– These fail to detect infection in individuals who recently acquired the HIV and have notmade a detectable antibody• RT-PCR can detect HIV RNA directly from blood and estimate the number of viruses present– This is useful for early detection and monitoring the progression of


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UMass Amherst MICROBIO 310 - Direct Contact Transmission of Diseases

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