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UMass Amherst MICROBIO 310 - Airborne Transmission Diseases

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Microbio 310 1st Edition Lecture 31 Outline of Last Lecture I. 32.6 Current Epidemics HIV/AIDS PandemicII. 32.7 Healthcare-Associated InfectionsIII. 32.8 Public Health Measures for the Control of DiseaseIV. 32.9 Global Health ConsiderationsV. 32.10 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious DiseasesVI. 33.1 Airborne PathogensVII. 33.2 Streptococcal DiseasesVIII. 33.2 Diptheria and PertussisOutline of Current Lecture I. 33.3 Diptheria and PertussisII. 33.4 Mycobacterium, Tuberculosis, and Hansen’s DiseaseIII. 33.5 Neisseria meningitidis, Meningitis, and MeningococcemiaIV. 33.6 Viruses and Respiratory InfectionsV. 33.7 ColdsVI. 33.8 InfluenzaCurrent Lecture33.3 Diphtheria and Pertussis• Pertussis (whooping cough)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.– An acute, highly infectious respiratory disease– Caused by infection with Bordetella pertussis– Observed frequently in school-age children– Characterized by a recurrent, violent cough– There has been a consistent upward trend of infections since the 1980s; we started using an acellular vaccine, which doesn’t work as well– Inadequately immunized children, adolescents, and adults are at high risk for acquiringand spreading pertussis• Diagnosis– Made by fluorescent antibody staining of a nasopharyngeal swab specimen that react to antigens– Also made by actual culture of the organism• Prevention– Vaccine soon after birth• Treatment– Antibiotics, but not effective enough, only slows it down– But elimination is helped by the immune response- Whooping cough cases have increased because immunizations now include acellular pertussis instead of whole-cell pertussis and because of nonmedical exemptions - Dtap Efficacy Teenagers who received the whole pertussis vaccines in childhood were more protected during a pertussis outbreak than were those who received acelluar pertussis33.4 Mycobacterium, Tuberculosis, and Hansen’s Disease• Tuberculosis– Worldwide infectious disease of humans– Incidence is increasing; you are more likely to run into the TB bacteria than any other secondary bacterial infection– M. tuberculosis transmitted by airborne droplets– Cell-mediated immunity plays a critical role in the prevention of active disease after infection– Classified as a primary (initial) infection or postprimary infection (reinfection)• Primary Infection with Tuberculosis– Hypersensitizes the patient to the bacteria and alters the individual’s response to subsequent exposures; makes them more likely to be infected– Hypersensitivity measured by a diagnostic skin test (tuberculin test)• Postprimary Infection– Chronic tuberculosis often results in a gradual spread of tubercular lesions in the lungs;bacteria colonize/grow in the lungs- Spread of tuberculosis is prevented by hospitalization of patients in negative-pressure rooms- Use of face masks for healthcare workers- Treatmento Antimicrobial therapy with isoniazid (high therapeutic index)o Treatment usually requires a 9-month regimeno Affects the synthesis (inhibits) of mycolic acid in mycobacteria• Hansen’s disease (leprosy)– M. leprae is the causative agent– The armadillo is the only experimental animal that has been successfully used to grow M. leprae– Most serious form is characterized by folded, bulblike lesions on the body- Pathogenicity of M. leprae Due to a combination of delayed hypersensitivity and the invasiveness of the organism  Transmission is by both direct contact and respiratory routes Incubation times vary from several weeks to years The incidence of leprosy worldwide is low33.5 Neisseria meningitidis, Meningitis, and Meningococcemia• Meningitis– Inflammation of the meninges• Membranes that line the central nervous system, especially the spinal cord andbrain Can be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or protist infections- Neisseria meningitides (normal part of microbiome)  Gram-negative, nonsporulating, obligately aerobic, oxidase-positive, encapsulated diplococcus  Causes one type of infectious bacterial meningitis and a related infection, meningococcemia  13 pathogenic strains are recognized based on antigenic differences in their capsular polysaccharides• Meningococcal meningitis– Often occurs in epidemics, usually in closed populations (people in shared space have a greater chance of transmission) Typically affects older school-age children and young adults– Transmission is typically via airborne routes– Treatment is usually penicillin G– Incidence has decreased in recent years due to widespread vaccination in susceptible populations– Meningococcemia blood infection without Brain/CNS involvement33.6 Viruses and Respiratory Infections• Viruses are less easily controlled by chemotherapeutic methods• The most prevalent human infections are caused by viruses• Most viral diseases are acute, self-limiting infections• A few serious viral diseases have been effectively controlled by vaccination (e.g., smallpox and rabies)• Measles (rubeola or 7-day measles)– Often affects susceptible children as an acute, highly infectious, often epidemic disease(hangs in the air for hours)– Caused by a paramyxovirus • Negative-strand RNA virus– Virus enters the nose and throat by airborne transmission•  Measles– Used to be a common childhood illness– Now only occurs in rather isolated outbreaks• Due to widespread immunization programs that began in the mid- 1960s– Over 600,000 deaths per year worldwide– Proof of immunization required for enrollment in U.S. public schools– 2014 outbreak imported and unvaccinated• Mumps– Caused by a paramyxovirus (like measles) – Highly infectious– Spread by airborne droplets– Characterized by inflammation of the salivary glands; swelling• Rubella (German measles or 3-day measles) – Caused by a positive-strand RNA virus of the togavirus group– Disease symptoms resemble measles but are generally milder and less contagious– Routine childhood immunization is practiced in the U.S.o Can destroy your hearing• Chicken pox (varicella)– Common childhood disease characterized by a systemic papular rash (raised bumps)– Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a herpesvirus– VZV is highly contagious and transmitted by infectious droplets– A vaccine is presently used in the U.S.– VZV virus


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UMass Amherst MICROBIO 310 - Airborne Transmission Diseases

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