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UMass Amherst MICROBIO 310 - Epidemiology, Public Health and Airborne transmitted diseases

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Microbio 310 1st Edition Lecture 31 Outline of Last Lecture I. 31.10 Enzyme Immunoassay and RadioimmunoassayII. 31.11 ImmunoblotsIII. 31.12 Nucleic Acid HybridizationIV. 31.13 Nucleic Acid AmplificationV. 32.1 The Science of EpidemiologyVI. 32.2 The Vocabulary of EpidemiologyVII. 32.3 Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics VIII. 32.4 Infectious Disease TransmissionIX. 32.5 The Host Community Outline of Current Lecture I. 32.6 Current Epidemics HIV/AIDS PandemicII. 32.7 Healthcare-Associated InfectionsIII. 32.8 Public Health Measures for the Control of DiseaseIV. 32.9 Global Health ConsiderationsV. 32.10 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious DiseasesVI. 33.1 Airborne PathogensVII. 33.2 Streptococcal DiseasesVIII. 33.2 Diptheria and PertussisCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.32.6 Current Epidemics HIV/AIDS Pandemic• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a viral disease that attacks the immune system– First reported cases were in the U.S. in 1981– At least 70,000,000 people have been infected worldwide with HIV– More than 25,000,000 people have died from AIDS 1 million are living with HIV in the U.S. 1 in 6 living with HIV are unaware of their infection Young Black American males are at highest risk (most of the new cases) • Studies in the U.S. suggested the virus was transmitted through sexual contact (mainly male-to-male) or blood32.7 Healthcare-Associated Infections • Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) – Result from an infectious agent acquired at a healthcare facility– Also referred to as nosocomial infections (use this term because nobody knows what it means;hide infection rate)D – There are about 1.7 million HAIs per year in the U.S.; 98,987 people in the U.S. die annually from HAIsD – Some are acquired from other patients, but others are caused by pathogens that are selected for and maintained by the hospital environment • Infectious diseases are spread in hospitals for several reasons:– Patients have low resistance to infectious disease– Healthcare facilities treat infectious disease patients– Multiple patients in the same room– Healthcare personnel move from patient to patient– Healthcare procedures may breach the skin and introduce infection– Newborn infants are susceptible to infection – Surgical procedures expose organs to contamination– Certain drugs increase a patient’s susceptibility to infection – Use of antibiotics has selected for antibiotic-resistant organisms 32.8 Public Health Measures for the Control of Disease • Controls directed against the reservoir– If reservoir is animal, it can be immunized or destroyed – When humans are the reservoir, eradication can be difficult • Those with disease can be quarantined, immunized, and treated – Used by the WHO to eradicate smallpox • Controls directed against transmission of the pathogen – Immunization • Diseases have been controlled using immunization– Examples: smallpox, rubella, and tetanus – Quarantine • Restricts the movement of an individual with an active infection – Surveillance• The observation, recognition, and reporting of diseases– Pathogen eradication • Goal is to remove all of a pathogen from any reservoir (e.g., smallpox, polio, and potentially rabies, leprosy, and others) (culling of infected chickens)32.9 Global Health Considerations • Infectious diseases in Americas vs. Africa – Death rate in Africa is much higher– Most African deaths are due to infectious diseases (10x as many as in the Americas) • Concern for people traveling to other areas– Travelers can be immunized– Drink only decontaminated water 32.10 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases - Worldwide distribution of diseases changes rapidly - Diseases that suddenly become prevalent are called emergent - Reemerging diseases are those that have become prevalent after having been under control- Emergence Factors– Human demographics and behavior– Technology and industry– Economic development and land use – International travel and commerce– Microbial adaptation and change– Breakdown of public health measures – Abnormal natural occurrences • Addressing Emerging Diseases – The key elements are:• Recognition of the disease• Intervention to prevent pathogen transmission – Preventing spread of emerging infections must be a public health response employing various methods • Methods include quarantine, immunization, and drug treatment 33.1 Airborne Pathogens• Aerosols are important for person-to-person transmission of many infectious diseases (TB)• Most pathogens survive poorly in air, thus, are effectively transmitted only over short distances• Respiratory infections– Different pathogens characteristically colonize the respiratory tract at different levels– The upper and lower respiratory tracts offer different environments and favor different microbes- Upper respiratory tract= pharynx and larynx- Lower respiratory tract= trachea and below33.2 Streptococcal Diseases• Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus ; GAS)– Commonly found in low numbers in the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals– Causative agent of “strep throat”– Can also cause infections of the inner ear, mammary glands, and skin• Infections occur if host defenses are weakened or a new, highly virulent strain is introduced– Certain GAS strains carry a lysogenic bacteriophage that encodes exotoxins responsible for symptoms of toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever– Untreated or insufficiently treated infections can lead to other diseases– Rheumatic fever: autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry, anti bacterial antibodies cross react with heart• Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of pneumonia (lung infection)• Scarlet fever• Impetigo (cold sores) some• Flesh eating bacteria• Definitive diagnosis of streptococcus strains is by culture• Both GAS and S. pyogenes are treatable by antimicrobial agents, but drug-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae are common33.3 Diphtheria and Pertussis• Diphtheria– A severe respiratory disease that typically infects children– Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae• A bacterium that forms irregular rods during growth– Preventable and treatable (we vaccinate for this in children)• Corynebacterium


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UMass Amherst MICROBIO 310 - Epidemiology, Public Health and Airborne transmitted diseases

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