PSY 322 1st EditionExam #3 Study GuideChapter 9Key Terms:- Conceptual knowledge – enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties- Categories – all possible examples of a particular concept- Family resemblance – things in a particular category resemble one another in a number ofways- Prototype approach – membership in a category is determined by comparing the object toits “typical” member of a group- Exemplar approach – determines if objects are similar and involves many examples (exemplars) - Semantic networks approach – how categories and concepts are organized in the mind- Cognitive economy – storing shared properties once at higher-level node- Spreading activation – activity spreads out along any link connected to an activated node- Sensory-functional hypothesis (S-F) – our ability - Category-specific memory impairment – loss of ability to identify one type of object but not others- Semantic category approach – specific neural circuits for some specific categories- Multiple-factor approach – search for more factors that determine how concepts are divided within a category- Embodied approach – our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the objectPractice Questions:1. How does the definitional approach apply to categorization?2.How is an object classified as a prototype?3. Apply the sentence verification technique to prototyping. 4. What was the experiment associated with priming prototypes?5.What is the difference between the exemplar and prototype approaches?6.Give examples of objects that would be classified under the various levels of the Rasch’s approach.7.Which of the Rasch’s approach levels is psychologically special?8. Describe Collins and Quillian’s hierarchical model of human memory as a computer.9.Name a pro and con for cognitive economy.10. Give an example of spreading activation.11. What do people with category-specific memory impairment often cannot distinguish?12. According to the semantic category approach, which categories are innate?13. What effect does crowding have on people with category-specific impairment?14. According to the embodied approach, what happens when we view a hammer?15. Describe semantic somatotopy.Answers1. The definitional approach to categorization claims that not all members of everyday categories have the same features, so this approach usually does not work for categorization.2.Prototypes have high family resemblance, statements about prototypical objects are verified rapidly (sentence verification technique), prototypical objects are named first, prototypical objects are affected more by priming.3.Subjects were shown objects and were then timed for how rapidly they confirmed or denied prototypicality (typicality effect).4. Participants were shown various two color samples side by side to calculate reaction times for priming. If the two samples were the same primary color, it was a good example of the category so reaction time was low. When colors were the same but they were dull colors, they were poor examples so the reaction time goes up. If the colors were different primary colors, reaction time was still higher than the prior poor example.5. Exemplars involve many examples, rather than the prototype approach, which involves an“average”.6.The superordinate level is the global level. An example of an object found here would be furniture. An object in the basic level would be a table. The subordinate level (specific level) would hold an object such as a kitchen table.7. Basic level is psychologically special because going above it to global results in a large loss of information and going below it to specific results in little gain of information.8. There are several nodes that each represent related categories that are interconnected. 9.Cognitive economy is efficient, but it is often time inaccurate. For example, not all birds can fly.10. The word “robin” activates the word “bird”. 11. People can recognize non-animals because they can distinguish based on function, but not living things because they cannot distinguish between sensory features.12. Categories that are innate are limited in number but are innately determined based on their importance for survival. For example, there are neurons that are specialized to respond to faces, places, and bodies.13. Animals tend to share many properties (eyes, legs, ability to move), while artifacts share fewer. People with category-specific impairment actually have difficulty recognizing living things because they cannot distinguish between items that share similar features. 14. Sensory and motor areas are activated when we see and use a hammer, and these areas are reactivated when we see the word hammer later. 15. Activation for a movement and reading the action word occurs in the same area of the brainChapter 10Key Terms:- Visual imagery – seeing in the absence of a visual stimulus- Mental imagery – the ability to recreate the sensory world in the absence of physical stimuli; also occurs in senses other than vision- Conceptual peg hypothesis – concrete nouns create images that other words can hang on to- Imagery debate – debate on whether or not imagery is based on spatial mechanisms, suchas those involved in perception or on mechanisms related to language called propositional mechanisms- Spatial representation – different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space- Epiphenomenon – something that accompanies a real mechanism but it is not actually part of the mechanism- Propositional representation – relationships can be represented by abstract symbol or statements- Tactic knowledge explanation – subjects unconsciously use knowledge about the world in making judgements- Method of loci – things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout- Pegword technique – visual items in different locations and associate them with concrete wordsPractice Questions:1. Describe Kosslyn’s mental walk task.2. What is the function of an imagery neuron?3. What was the imageless thought debate?4. How did Paivo use paired-associate learning?5. Give an example of the conceptual peg hypothesis.6. In what way did Shepard and Metzler use mental chronometry and what did they infer from this?7. What did Lea propose about mental scanning and reaction