Hist 107 1nd Edition EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Institutionalizing Aspirations Image Writ of Henry II with Seal Representation of authority less obvious power of the written word Document issued in the name of the king Stamped with a special seal stamp resists forgery For popes the stamp is called a bull Represents increase in writing record keeping etc around the 13 th century New concept of kingship the idea of the king as a revenue collector Taxes Hire armies Operate administrations through salaried officials Particularly in England After 1066 Norman invasion emergence of strong monarchial central ruler In France the kingdom was large but the actual reach of the kings was very restricted Capetians ruled over France until late 14th Started courts record keeping effective mechanisms for royal power slowly began to radiate outward in the Kingdom of France Spain Iberian Peninsula Strong royal leadership emerged o Developed new law codes Germany and land of Italy Still had strong rulers over small portions of the Kingdom The kings were never able to have the same direct power of their land as those of England etc but still claimed an inclusive imperial form of power Image The Civil Lawyer at Work Legal Commentary ca 1400s Italy highlights the emergence of law codes and dependency on Roman law as a basis Courts were another form of authority Roman Law as a sophisticated law code helped Europe become a more sophisticated society Civil Law and Canon Law church law These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Image Decretum Bologna ms 1300s Crusades revisited Crusading was one more example of the expansion of 13 th century Europe and institutionalizing aspirations Crusader States ongoing efforts to protect recover Fall for good in 1291 Mobilization of armed forces on a massive scale Crusading led to settlement as merchants settled in and castles churches were built Integrated these varying regions around Germany Ex Castle in Krak des Chevaliers Syria Becomes like a business systematic raising of money etc Women or those unable to fight can even pay to fund a physically capable person and they therefore enjoy the spiritual benefits Sometimes especially in the 3rd Kings would go on the Crusades encourages the development of better systems of government that can continue to operate in the absence of the king Urban Life Image Venetian Coin Silver Denarius c 1200 Guilds basically became corporations based on trades crafts Had a legally recognized status Developed regulations for the creation sale of goods Were a major component of the vibrant economic scene of urban life Masters would take on apprentices Regulate economy collect dues enforce rules involve religious oaths Guild held social functions funerals burials feast day celebrations etc Defined people s social religious and economic identities Image Chartres Cathedral Weavers Stain glass windows in massive gothic cathedral o Paid for largely by these local guilds o Many of the windows depicted certain trades crafts Institutionalizing Western Government Anglo Norman England Magna Carta 1215 Doomsday Book 1087 tax record properties movable books property basically a census for before and after the Norman invasion o Is the most extensive survey of land at that time o Served for the purpose of royal taxation in England o Manifestation of royal authority King Henry II contributed to Increasing centralization and institutionalization o Legal reforms ex Formation of new jails sheriffs keep records of fugitives o Local courts persist even though the primary notion of this period was a growth of royal authority and reformation The Constitutions of Clarendon 1164 Royal law over clerical law disputes settled in royal court Image Becket 1170 English Book of Hours ca 1400 Becket murdered connected to Henry II Chartres Cathedral o Highlights conflict between growing royal power and the authority of the church King John Tramping on the aristocracy of his kingdom o Led to Magna Carta outlines rights of barons King tried to sell off widows MC forbid it 27 King took property with no will MC gives it to family and friends King seized people 52 King seized property MC returns to rightful owner o didn t do anything for peasants Disciplining and Purifying Christendom Papal Monarchy Presided over by the pope himself the Fourth Lateran Council produced a comprehensive set of canons most of them prepared by the pope s committees beforehand to reform both clergy and laity In effect it produced a code in this case for Christian society as a whole Rosenwein Short History p 239 o Fourth Lateran Council was formed in 1215 same as Magna Carta not a coincidence institutionalizing aspirations Under Innocent III a high point of the Papal Monarchy This refined the concept of the pope as the head of the church Through these new forms of governance the pope is able to extend his influence to all corners of Europe The Machinery of Papal Governance The Papal Curia Court is the center of church governance o Camera handles financial arrangements o Chancelory keeps track of documents and archives o Chapel presides over events o Prominence of Cardinal Bishops bishops priests and deacons that serve in various churches throughout the city of Rome have a special function of assisting the pope with religious ceremonies and increasingly with the administration governance of the Roman Church Claimed the right to elect the pope fully established by the late 11 th and early 12th centuries Cardinal legates embassadors envoys that would travel around Europe and beyond to represent the pope they have a lot of independent power They collected money o Church Councils originally bishops would gather to determine things about the church but at this point they are increasingly occurring in conjunction with strong papal leaderships o Archives The power of the written word rapid development in keeping records Faith Sacraments and Society Christian ideas are being defined with increasing sophistication and detail o Laying out guidelines of what it means to be a proper orthodox Christian in the 13 th century o The language of works created through the Fourth Lateran is much more extensive and complex then previous writings Image Baptism scene Italian ms ca 1400s Definitions of the sacraments become much more detailed o Baptism every member of Christian society must be baptized at a young age The