HST 010 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture Outline of Current Lecture The rise of the USSR, Nazi Germany, and other nationalist states such as Italy are described.Current LectureAs a result of the First World War the old status quo of Empires was broken, socially, politically, and economically. Liberal democracies, already struggling to recover, were dealt an additional blow by the global economic collapse of 1929-30, leading to a long economic depression (The Great Depression) In Russia, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Japan authoritarian movements emerged that rejected the liberal principals of democracy, civil liberties, and free markets, and substituted a model of government, and society based on single party rule, the cult of the leader, state control of the economy, and militarism.Bolshevik rule in USSR under Vladimir Lenin, 1918-24- Civil war of Reds vs. Whites, 1918-21o After the exit from WWI fight between everyone and Bolsheviks- Famines of 1921-23o Immediately following the civil waro Lenin felt that clearly pure Marxism was not working, need for some small scale capitalism (willing to experiment with what works)o Effort to have some small sale capitalism with larger Marxist economy led to NEP (New Economic Policy) o Peasants were given some power with regards to what they were allow to grow, who they could sell it to.o This was the first time that Russian peasants had some control over the land (hadbeen surfs before)o NEP was successful- Lenin dies in 1924 and there is a power struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky.o Trotsky loses and is killed in Mexicoo Stalin is hard line totalitarian ruler takes control in 1927o Single party rule that is autocratic ( USSR express the will of Joseph Stalin)o Stalin launches purges against the old guard of the Soviet Union (1937-9) Some 750, 000 murdered, millions deported to gulags (many die)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. mid- level and upper level leaders are gone all survivors are entirely loyal to Stalin from fear and being newer converts NEP is scrapped under Stalin, (state ownership of all property and industry)o Stalin tries to modernize economy and punish peasants Russia modernizes Industry and increases by 400%(extraction, production, transportation, electrification, dams,) This all occurs in two 5 years plans (first in 1928 ALSO MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE This would punish and liquidate peasantry He felt the peasant were a pool for anti-communism Peasants made up 80% of population Especially feared Kulaks especially in Ukraine He went and took everything and put it under state property and controlled by leaders Collectivization was huge failure, famine, people fought back and were executedItaly and the Rise of Fascism- Meaning of the term “fascism” “hearkens back to Rome Latin word Fascais ax in bundle of sticks, taken and used ancient history to their own ends- Italy was dealing with dissatisfaction following WWI despite being on the winning sideo Italy felt that they didn’t get what they wantedo Did not get the area from the Austro-Hungary that they wanted (Irredentism) o Italian economy did poorlyo Door was left open for the charismatic Benito Mussolini Was originally a Socialist Also a newspaper man Left socialists to fight Would become very anti-communists He created fascist party (highly nationalistic, militaristic, violent) Fascist march on Rome in 1922 Benito made Prime Minister  Mussolini as “Il Duce” (The Leader) Intimidations and violence against opponents (Black Shirts) Papal city Became the Vatican State under the Fascisto Fascists get rid of all political parties excepts themselves in 1926o Fascist make deals with industrialists, capitalist, Churcho Conquer Ethiopia and make it a colony (1933-36)o Italy became successful, increased in efficiency It was built on violence and dissentGermany: the rise of Nazi Totalitarianism- Great problems in Germany during the Weimar Republic, 1918-33o Reparations to help lower the war debt of France and Englando Loss of Empire (lands and income from these given to France and other countries)(China, Africa, South Asia, French territories they had taken)o Demilitarizationo Currency devaluation and inflation in 1923 Brought on by Franco-Belgian occupation of Ruhr (wanted money faster) Ruhr was major industrial center (workers stop working) Germany prints money to pay the debt Went from 8 or nine marks per dollar to 4 trillion for 1 dollar Corrected by the Dawes Plan and Lacarno Treaty of 1925 US lends money and helps German economy fix itself US did not want to punish Germanyo Should be noted that Germany would have expected far larger reparations if theyhad wono Many soldiers felt they had been ‘stabbed in the back’ by a bunch a communists and Jews in the government (false completely)- There was a large communist party in Germany- Large Nazi party in Germany under Hitlero Had their not been a global collapse, Nazi’s probably would not have taken controlo Nazi’s had origins in late 1800’s under extreme racist, social Darwinian pusho WWI really added bodies to the movemento Adolph Hitler organizes Beer Hall Putsch in 1923- a failure and he is imprisoned He writes “Mein Kampf”  jail(1923-25) Begins to rebuild Nazi’s Looks at what Italy is doing (Violence, marches, Brown shirts for intimidation) and weds it to their highly racial ideas against Jews, Slavs, gypsies and medically unfit (intense racism not in Italy) o Collapse is when the Nazi’s really get power and while only getting 2.6% of vote in 1926, but after serious fall the Nazi’s do well and gain plurality of the seatso President of Weimar (Hindenburg) is convinced to make Hitler the chancellor, in 1933o Fire in the Reichstag, blame placed on communism, marshal law put in place, civilliberties taken away, Nazi state is created, Nazi’s are only party in country- Nazi Policy in the Third Reich 1933-45o Fiercely anti-Semitic, communist, and Slavic Nuremberg Laws (strip German Jews of Citizenship)(500,000 Jews in Germany)(many left up till 1938, many intellectuals and scientists came toUS) Kristallnacht, November 1938 Jewish business are burned and destroyed, people beaten (night of Broken glass) o Promotes the Aryan race