CDFR 3002 1st Edition Lecture 27 Outline of Last Lecture I. Parenting in Challenging Times Part 1 Outline of Current Lecture II. Four Phases of Grief Process (Bowlby) III. Children’s Reactions to Grief IV. Helping Children GrieveV. Four Major Areas of Abuse VI. Statistics Regarding Abuse (2008) VII. Ethnic Differences VIII. Polyvictimization IX. Bioecological View of Abuse (Brofenbrenner) X. Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment XI. Child Reactions to Maltreatment XII. Intervention Makes a Difference Current Lecture- Four Phases of Grief Process (Bowlby) o Period of Numbing Can Last for Hours or Weeks Register Death but not Emotionally; Pain is Too Great o Period of Protest and Yearning  Person Refuses to Accept the Death, Searches for Parent o Period of Sadness and Despair Reality of Death Has Sunk in Emotionally; Life Seems Unbearable o Period of Reorganization  Start to Create Life Without Person - Children’s Reactions to Griefo Children are More Physical With Their Expressions of Grief May Have Complaints of Stomachaches and Headaches o Children are Less Verbal  Parents May Interpret This as not Grieving  Interpretive Play is Often Critical During this Time o Children Express Their Anger More Directly  May Direct Anger at Other People in Their Lives o Children are Attuned to Parents’ Needs  Try to Please Parent o Children Need Breaks from Grieving These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Laughter Often Misinterpreted as Not Caring - Helping Children Grieveo Give Accurate Detailed Information  Use Age Appropriate Terms Children Often Think Death is Irreversible - Cant’ Understand the Permanence of Death Until 5-7 o Reassure Children the Remaining Parent Will be There o Keep Children With You  They Should Attend the Funeral and Other Death Related Activities o Ask Them What They Want to Do With Parent’s Possessions  Parent Gets Ultimate Say But Kids Should Have Input o Express Your Grief in Front of Children o Create Family Rituals - Four Major Areas of Abuse o Physical Abuse Infliction of Bodily Injury on a Child by Other Than Accidental Means  Also Includes Exposure to Family Violence o Sexual Abuse Sexual Contact Between Any Responsible Adult and Child For Purposes of Gratifying the Caregiver- Attempted Sexual Contact also Counts o Neglect  Failure to Provide Minimum Care and the Lack of Appropriate Supervision o Emotional Maltreatment  Persistent and Extreme Thwarting of a Child’s Basic Emotional Needs - Statistics Regarding Abuse (2008) o 2,024,094 Reports of Abuse (New) Filed to Government Agencies  773,792 Substantiated o 1,500 Children Died as a Result of Mistreatment (2007) o 90% of Abusers are Parents  80% Involve Physical Abuse and Neglect  Approximately 3-10 Million Children Exposed to Family Violence - Begins in Utero - 16% of Women Questioned in Prenatal Clinics Reported Domestic Violence o Sexual Abuse (By Age 18)  1 in 4 Girls 1 in 6 Boys - Ethnic Differences o Most Likely to Occur in Poor Families  Native Americans, African Americans, and Latinas More Likely to Live Below Poverty Line- May Experience Higher Rates of Child Maltreatment  However: - When Equally Matched on SES, European American Have More- Racial Bias Definitely Plays a Role in Reports- Polyvictimization o Children Who Suffer Many Types of Victimization  Did Not Differ in Gender, Ethnicity, Residence, or SES  Tend to Be Older and Lived in Single or Stepfamilies  Abuse Was More Severe  More Likely to Have Psychological Symptoms of Trauma Like Anxiety & Depression  More Adversities Like Illnesses, Accidents, and Family Stresses - Bioecological View of Abuse (Brofenbrenner) o Macrosystemic Physical Force is Acceptable Children are Property, it is Okay to Spank  Sexual Prowess is a Sign of Masculinity o Exosystemic Lack of Supervision  Social Isolation  Poor Neighborhoods o Microsystemic  Daily Interactions Between Parents and Siblings  Parent’s History of Abuse  Individual Temperament/Personality of Child/Parent o Ontogenic  Individual Development  Attachment Relationships  Ability to Regulate Emotion - Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment o Child Characteristics Age (Youngest and Teens at Greatest Risk)  Low Birth Weight, Prematurity  Medical Problems  Difficult Temperament, Overactive o Parent Characteristics  Parent History of Abuse  Substance Abuse  Increase Daily Stress, Job Loss, Illness, Limited Coping Skills  Unrealistic Expectations of Child  Harsh Discipline o Social Context  Living in Poverty  Social Isolation of Families  Greater Number of Marital Problems - Child Reactions to Maltreatment o PTSD Flashbacks, Feeling Numb, Heightened Emotional Arousal o More Negative Behavior Higher if: - Abuse Happened Early- Abuse Lasted Longero Negative View of Themselves and Others 80% Disorganized Attachment o Poor Self-Regulation  Emotional Behavioral - Intervention Makes a Difference o For Young or Old Provide in Home Services  Tailored to Individual Needs  Reduce Parent’s Emotional Distress  Provide Consultation During Crisis  Help Parents and Children Build Strong Bridges to Other People/Community Agencies o Positive Relationships Make a Difference  Minnesota Study: - 30% Good Quality Care: o Relationship With Somebody Outside Family o Received Some Type of Therapy o Positive Relationship with Partner - 40% Abusedo Did Not Have Many, if any, of These Positive Relationships - Other 30% Provided Borderline