Chaco Canyon SurveyPueblos and ChacoArchaeology MethodsPueblo I: PithousesPueblo II: Unit PuebloHydraulic HypothesisHydraulic Explanation and Chaco CanyonWhat this doesn’t explainANTY 101D 1st Edition Lecture 30Chaco Canyon Survey Pueblos and Chaco -Pueblos in late 19th/early 20th century • Jewez, Zun, Acona & Hopi -Kivas are circular ceremonial rooms-Modern tribes were egalitarian -Not mobile Archaeology Methods-Survey and Excavation-Survey: Sampling Strategy• Trying to answer how they fed themselves with so little resources -Complete (if small enough area, entire area walked over) “mowing”-Random -Judgement (use existing information)-Small sites found all over canyon1Pueblo I: Pithouses-A.D. 800-950• Underground; where they lived• Pithouses always in middle of Roomblock & Midden Pueblo II: Unit Pueblo-A.D 950-1050 • living & storing food above ground • now living in dividing spaces• Still have NorthEast Alignment • Kiva place of ritual• Centered all around a “great house” -Survey also found “water control features” in Chaco Canyon-]Arid climate for Agriculture; Summer storm bursts, water loss out of canyonsHydraulic Hypothesis -Karl Wittfogel (1957): Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilizations• Complex irrigation systems require organization -> gives rise to modern complex societies (chiefdoms or states)-Gwinn Vivian: CHaco Irrigation System• North Side: Great towns and population centers (vs. South Side)2• The “construction and continued maintenance of canals, dams, and other features would have provided more reliable crops, surplus food and labor organization to be used of other tasks• Small sites on south side; fewer surpluses; less labor organization Hydraulic Explanation and Chaco Canyon-Jim Judge and Gwinn Vivian• Greater north side population —> need for food• Develop irrigation systems —> complex organization (leaders?_• Greater surpluses and Population—> labor base—> build greater houses OR• North side water capture—> organize community labor• Achieve surpluses and larger pop.—> build great houses-Complex organization arise (lineages or leaders?)-Flaws?• Still following Karl Witfogel’s hypothesisWhat this doesn’t explain -Great houses NOT all situated in areas suitable for water control (canals, damns, irrigation)• i.e. Pueblo Alto -Relationship with south side room block residents 3-Buoldings over-engineered for storage -Great Kivas vs. Small Kivas• Much more going on!-Roads (200 miles of ‘roads’ arrow- straight outside of canyon )-Outlying communities; import of trees and
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