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APPALACHIAN BIO 1201 - Final Exam Study Guide
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BIO 1201 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12-19DNA Replication, Mitosis and the Cell Cycle (Chapter 8)Lecture 12 (March 26)1. Cell cycle exitsa. Quiescence (G0): temporary exit (cells can re-enter cycle) for starved, damaged, etc. cellsso they can be repairedb. Apoptosis: programmed cell death if cell cannot be repaired; healthy cells can also undergo apoptosisc. Differentiation: becoming a cell that serves a specific function2. Stem cells and differentiation a. Stem cells have not terminally differentiated b. Totipotent: can become anything (zygote)c. Pluripotent: can become anything except feeding apparatus/extra-embryonic tissues (inner cell mass and blastocyst)d. Multipotent: can give rise to some cell types (adult stem cells)3. Cancer: disease of the cell cyclea. Caused by mutationsb. Two types of genes that when mutated can lead to cancer:i. Oncogenes: mutated proto-oncogene1. Proto-oncogenes normally regulate cell cycle; when mutated, it becomes an oncogene and tells cells to divide, grow, etc. when they shouldn’tii. Tumor Suppressor1. Control checkpoints and prevent damaged cells from dividing2. Example: gene P53: guardian of genome; detects DNA breaksc. Mutated cells divide and reproduce rapidly via repeated mutationsd. Malignant: tumor cells that have the ability to undergo metastasis (movement) into bloodstream or lymphatic systemSexual Reproduction and Meiosis (Chapter 9)Lecture 13-14 (March 31-April 2)1. Germ cellsa. Cells that can undergo meiosis2. Meiotic divisions: two divisions that take one cell that is 2n and forms 4 cells that are 1n; after DNA is replicated,a. Meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes divideb. Meiosis 2: chromatids divide3. Sperm vs ovum developmenta. In males, meiosis produces four sperm cells; meiosis happens continuously in malesb. In females, meiosis produces one egg cell (ova) and three polar bodies that degrade; meiosis happens once a month for females4. Crossing overa. When homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA5. Random assortment of chromosomesa. During meiosis 1, the chromosomes are assorted randomly when the cell divides6. Differences between mitosis and meiosis a. Mitosis: one diploid cell divides once to produce two identical cells that are 2nb. Meiosis: one diploid cell divides twice to produce four cells that are 1n7. Changes in chromosome structure: occurs during cross-oversa. Deletions: region of chromosome is lostb. Duplications: chromosome with repeated genesc. Inversions: genes in chromosome are in wrong orderd. Translations: non-homologous chromosomes cross over8. Changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy and polyploidy)a. Nondisjunction: chromosomes don’t separate properly9. Aneuploidy in humansa. Can cause Turner Syndrome: female with one X chromosomePatterns of Inheritance (Chapter 10)Lecture 15-16 (April 9-April 14)1. Genes, alleles and locia. Genes: regions of DNA that specify traitsb. Alleles: two copies of each gene for each traitc. Locus: location of a gene on a chromosome2. Mendel’s hypothesesa. There are alternate forms of genes that determine traitsb. For each inherited characteristic, an organism has two genes, one from each parentc. A gamete carries only one allele for each inherited characteristicd. Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive3. Mendelian monohybrid (one trait) crossesa. Two homozygous parents, one with dominant genes (TT) and the other with recessive genes (tt) will produce heterozygous offspring (Tt)b. The trait the offspring exhibits is dominant4. Punnet squaresa. Chart for calculating likelihood of certain traits given parents’ genotypes5. Variations in dominance (codominance & incomplete dominance)a. Incomplete dominance: heterozygote has an intermediate trait between dominant and recessivei. Example: curly hairb. Codominance: more than one dominant genei. Example: ABO bloodtypingc. Polygenic traits: controlled by more than one gene; great deal of variation in populationi. Examples: skin color, height6. X-linked genetic disordersa. Affect more males than femalesb. Occurs when a genetic disorder is found on one X-chromosome for males and both X-chromosomes for femalesDNA Biology (Chapter 11, 13)Lecture 17-18 (April 16-April 21)1. Genotype to phenotype and the Central Dogma of Molecular Biologya. The central dogma of molecular biology is that genes, when transcribed and translated, make proteins that produce phenotypes2. General transcription and translationa. Transcription: takes place in nucleus; RNA pol reads gene sequence and makes complimentary RNAb. Translation: occurs on ribosomes (in cytoplasm); ribosomes reads RNA sequence and synthesizes chain of amino acids when it detects a start codon (AUG)3. How to use the genetic code a. 3-letter codes called codons specify amino acidsb. Table will given on the exam4. Mutations: base substitutiona. Silent mutations: no effect because multiple codons can code for same amino acidb. Missense mutations: makes a different amino acidc. Nonsense Mutations: makes a start/stop codond. Frameshift: a base is deletedThe Forces Of Evolutionary Change (Chapters 14,15)Lecture 19 (April 23)1. Natural selection: the mechanism by which evolution occursa. Fact 1: individuals vary in heritable traits because of gene mutationsb. Fact 2: population can produce more offspring than environment can support, leading tostruggle for existencec. Conclusion: individuals with traits better suited to local environment will have greater reproductive successd. Evolution depends on selective pressure to pick variations that work2. Examples of evolution a. Antibiotic


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