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Clemson BIOL 3350 - Human Evolution
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Biol 3350 1st Edition Lecture 25Outline of Last Lecture I. Ecological Speciation in AllopatryII. Lizard cladeAnguidaeIII. Crocodylidae CladeIV. Is the distribution of the chameleon clade reflective of vicariance or oceanic dispersal?V. Sympatric SpeciationVI. Speciation by Sexual SelectionVII. Lake Malawi CichlidsVIII. Ring speciesIX. Patterns of SpeciationX. Potential Outcomes of HybridsOutline of Current Lecture I. Hominoidea: the ape cladeII. Hominidea: great apes an humansIII. Differences between humans and chimpanzeesIV. Evolutionary changes leading to Homininsa. Bipedalismb. Tool Usec. Larynxd. EncephalizationV. Benefits to brain are largeVI. Fossil EvidenceVII. Australopithecus afarensisVIII. Australopithecus africanusIX. Homo erectusCurrent LectureI. Hominoidea: the ape cladea. Cladograms – branch links do not necessarily represent anything significant, just represents the sequence of divergences b. Great apes include the orangutans, humans, gorillas, chimps, bonobosc. Synapomorphies:i. No external tailii. Flat face with brow ridgesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Large brain:body ratioiv. Shoulder girdle and arms reflect evolutionary history of suspensory locomotionv. Y-5 pattern of cusps on molarsII. Hominidea: great apes an humansa. Biologically humans are nested deep in the great ape familyb. We are more closely related to the chimps than the chimps are related to any other primatec. mtDNAd. Y-linked tests proteine. Beta-Hb noncoding regionsIII. Differences between humans and chimpanzeesa. a lot of the differences between us and our close ancestors is a matter of developmental difference rather than a quantitative differenceb. The difference between chimps and humans is less than the difference between gorillas and humansc. Regulatory regionsd. Pattern of gene expression in brain tissueIV. Evolutionary changes leading to Homininsa. Bipedalism – waling on two feeti. When you start walking upright, the head becomes centrally balanced on the spineii. Flatter face, decreased musseliii. Bipedalism is that trait that we use to determine a species is a homininb. Tool Usei. The creation and use of tools was a huge cognitive leapii. River rocks were flanked to make a sharp edgeiii. Homo habilis – “handy man”iv. Humans are adapted to be omnivoresv. The human tapework evolved when humans ate uncooked meatvi. Teeth became smaller because the tools reduced the use of teeth and decreased the selective pressure for large teethc. Larynxi. Orientated of the head balanced over the spine forced the larynx to be squeezed downii. Orientation of the larynx of an infant resembles more closely to that of the gorilla until they are able to walkd. Encephalization – increase in brain sizei. Lateralization – the right and left hemispheres have different functionsV. Benefits to brain are largea. Without the large brains, we would not have the capacity and cognitive machinery for languageb. Hypothesis is a complex of increase in brain size, occurrence of language, bipedalism, and cognitive machineryVI. Fossil Evidencea. Foramen magnum is centered in the skull à bipedalismb. Similar brain size of the chimp, but smaller canines, flatter face, larger browridgec. Appears to be bipedal, but not completely bipedald. Larger hands that humanse. Opposable big toeVII. Australopithecus afarensisa. Transitional/intermediate mouthsb. Similar feet and toes to humansc. Lucy is about 4 ft talld. Chimpanzee brain sizee. Bipedal VIII. Australopithecus africanusa. Also bipedal and brain size of a chimp àbrain size follows bipedalismb. Brow ridges and prognathicc. Chimp-sized braind. Bigger molars, smaller caninesIX. Homo erectusa. See an increase in brain size even though bipedalism has been around for over 2 million years alreadyb. Long legs, large lung capacity, limb portions all suggest that they were runnersc. Very strong evidence that they habitually used fired. Less time eating leaves more time thinking about new innovations, forming relationships, spending time taking care of kidse. Correlation between cooking and brain sizef. Homo erectus began taking over the world and moving out of


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Clemson BIOL 3350 - Human Evolution

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