PSYCH 322 1st Edition Exam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 27-30Lecture 27 (Apr 13)I.Problem Solvinga.Some problems seem to be solved with a flash of “insight”b.Insight is a sudden realization of a problems solutionc.Analogies can be used to help solve problems by reinterpreting the problem. (isomorphic: same form)d.Framing a problemII.What is a problem?a.Obstacles between a present state and a goalb.Not immediately obvious how to get around the obstaclec.A problem has a correct answer, and certain procedures will lead toa solutionIII.Problem solving tasksa.Gestalt Approach- representing a problem in the mind. b.Restructuring: changes the problems representation. Example: the circle problem. i.Behaviorists wouldn’t try this nor try and study problem solving because you are unable to see what he/she is doing in order to try and solve a problem. ii.Cognitive psychologists are interested in what people are doing when trying to solve problems. They can ask people torate their own confidence and motivation in solving a problem and the level of difficulty they believe it to be.c.Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987) studied insight with the Triangle problem and chain problem with warmth judgments every 15 seconds.Lecture 28 (Apr 15)I. Insight in Problem-Solvinga. Demonstration: the chain problem - You have these 4 links of chains and you want to go get it all put together to make a necklace. You have 15₡ to spend. It costs 2₡ to open alink and 3₡ to close it. How would you solve this problem?- Answer: you take apart all 3 of the links on link 1. You take one and connect chains 2 and 3 together, connect 3 and 4 together, and the last to close it all together.b. The circle problem: behaviorists wouldn’t try and study problem solving because they believe that you can’t see what he/she is doing to try and solve a problem. i. Cognitive psychologists would reply and say to have the person rate their own confidence, motivation and the level of difficulty. Cognitive psychologists are interested in what people are doing when trying to solve problems.c. Matcalfe and Wiebe (1987) demonstrated the triangle problem and the chain problem. Every 12 seconds they got warmth judgments taken, which is how closethey feel they are to finding the solution. i. They discovered that insight problems seemed to be solved suddenly. Where noninsight problems were solved gradually.ii. Things that can help when you feel stuck are to just walk away and take a little time off. When you try and plow through something, anxiety factors in.II. Obstacles to Problem Solvinga. Functional Fixedness: restricting use of an object to its familiar functions. We tend to assume that we should use objects for their intended usei. Candle problem: you are given 3 candle sticks, a box of matches, and thumb tacks. You want to get all the candles pined to the board without any wax dripping on the floor. The answer is that instead of using the matchbox for its intended purpose; use it as a wax drip container.III. Information processing approacha. Tower of Hanoii. You have to do something that counters the goal stateLecture 29 (Apr 20)I. How did Abraham Maslow change Psychology?a. Maslow’s Heirarchy of needs transformed the way we talk about and treat individual clients on a clinical setting. b. Listen to NPR.org from April 17, 2015II. The wason Selection Task- 4 card Problem. An “if” “then” problemL O 6 7a. Rule: if there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even # on the other sideb. Antecedent = “vowel on one side”c. Consequent= “even # on the other side”d. What would it take to verify whether this rule is followed? Would you turn over 1 card? 2 cards? 3 cards? Or all 4 cards?e. Rules applied:i. Modus ponems- confirming the antecedent1. Chose a vowel, “O”, turn it over to verify that there is an even # on the back of the cardii. Modus tollens- denying the consequent 1. Chose an odd #, “7”, turn it over to verify that there is a constinent on the other sideLecture 30 (Apr 22)I. Presentationsa. Resilient Families Projecti. Helps the homeless and underprivilegedii. Meet every Thursday from about 6-830iii. They have both programs for adults and childreniv. Psych 407- communication internship- 3 credit hoursv. Psych 401- independent research- 3 credit hoursb. Americana Community Centeri. Helps refugees and immigrantsii. They have after school programs and summer programs for childreniii. They have social and emotional support systems for cultural compentencyc. ChooseWelli. Partner with volunteers of America at the freedom house to help pregnant and struggling, single mothers with a past of drugs and/or jailii. They can help you with nutrition, health and wellness, GED, and legal and financial assistanceiii. Every Friday night they spend time with the mamas and the children. They cook dinner, have activities for the children, and do reflections of likeII. Ted x Norrkoping, Gerd Gigerenzer on simple Heuristics that make us smarta. Look before you leapb. Utility Theory- weighing probability against varying decisions. It is the theory in which you use to make decisions. c. 2 ways to make decisionsi. Risk- when alternatives, consequences and probabilities are knowii. Uncertainty- how to make decisions when alternatives, consequences and probabilities are NOT knownd. Examples used in video: how does a catcher catch a fly ball? How do real players catch a ball? How did the piolets decide to land in the Hudson River with the plan