PSYC 1103 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. Social influence II. Social norms a. Definition b. Descriptive norms c. Injunctive norms d. Reciprocity e. Personal space III. Deindividuation IV. Motivation and others a. Presence of others b. Social facilitation c. Social impairment d. Social loafing V. Conformity VI. Compliance a. Definition b. Foot-in-the-door technique c. Low-ball approach d. Door-in-the-face procedure Outline of Current Lecture I. Obedience a. Definition b. Milgram’s Obedience Studyc. Milgram’s results II. Factors affecting obedience a. Experimenter status b. Behavior of other people c. Personality d. Relate to real world III. Social roles a. Stanford prison experiment IV. Summary: obedience & social roles V. Aggression a. Biological factors Current LectureI. Obediencea. Changing one’s behavior in response to a demand from an authority b. Milgram’s Obedience Studyi. Recruited adult men to participate ii. Created appearance that participants were randomly assigned to be “teacher” in a learning experimentiii. Other person assigned to “learner” iv. Learner was strapped into chair with electrodes attached c. Milgram’s results i. Some participants stopped the experiment when the confederate said to“quit”ii. But about 65% continued, administered, “XXX” shock iii. Confederate was yelling and begging for mercy by the end iv. Disturbing result 1. Authority overwhelms common sense, decency II. Factors affecting obedience a. Experimenter status i. Expert social powerii. Legitimate social poweriii. Move outside University setting and obedience drops sharply b. Behavior of other people i. If others quit, participant is much more likely to, as well c. Personality i. Some aspects of personality may be related to obedience 1. Authoritarianism d. Does this related to the real world?i. Authority as designated agent of the culture ii. Often a challenge to stand against authority III. Social roles a. The effects of others can depend heavily on the context b. People unwillingly adopt social roles which strongly affect behavior c. Stanford prison experiment i. Phil Zimbardo ii. Recruited undergraduates to be guards or prisoners 1. Randomly assigned iii. Both prisoners and guards quickly became immersed in their roles 1. Guards showed cruel, even sadistic behavior 2. Prisoners showed serious signs of stress IV. Summary: obedience & social roles a. Zimbardo’s study shows that cruel behavior can be accidently created from social circumstances i. Participants stepped into social role (as they conceived it) b. Milgram’s work suggests that resisting authority is surprisingly difficult even in situations where moral choice seems clear V. Aggression a. Hostile, injurious, or destructive actions i. Unprovokedii. Trending towards violence b. Examples: i. Fighting ii. Shouting, yelling iii. Threatening iv. Not “social aggression” here c. Accounts of aggression i. Instinctive biological urgeii. By-product of evolution iii. Biology iv. Learned behavior d. Biological factors i. Limbic system 1. Influence endocrine and autonomic nervous system 2. Emotion, “fight or flight” response ii. Testosterone 1. Produced in both males and females2. Aggressive behavior increases testosterone levels 3. Also influences development 4. Has a host of influences throughout life iii. Serotonin 1. Neurotransmitter 2. Lower levels predict more aggressive
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