HST 10 1st edition Lecture 22Outline of Last LectureThe last lecture covers the entire history of WWI and its most important aspect. Additionally what WWI would cause to happen is brought up along with the events during the fall of Tsarist Russia.Outline of Current Lecture This lecture discusses the nationalism and movements that began to take place in the Middle East and Asia (China, Japan).Current LectureNationalism in AsiaNationalist Movement in Asia began in the late 19th century and accelerated in the early 20th century, thanks to WWI. All were influenced by and reacted against Western nationalism and colonialismTurkey- Disintegration of the Ottoman of the Ottoman Empire after WWI (had been part of Central powers and on losing side)- British and French occupation and control of ‘mandate’o Mandates were holdings taken by Britain and France, next stage in Imperialism- The creation of the Turkish Republic (result of destruction of the Ottomans fall)o Role of the Greek invasion of Western Anatolia, 1919-21o Rise of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, 1881-1938) and other leaders from former Ottoman Empire win major battle and begin to retake landso Turks successful in Removing the Greek invasion create Turkish Republic in 1923o First leader is Mustafa Kamal (President)o One-party systemo Some of their ideas were inspired by Marxism and Bolshevik belief in one party rule- Modernizing and westernizing policies of the republico Secularization of law and educationo Encouragement of western dress (the fez is banned)o Romanization of script (Roman alphabet replaces Arabic script)o Western system of surnames establishedo New government moves capital from Istanbul to distance from the Ottoman Empireo This new state is a relatively strong and quick to come about.Arab nationalism in the Middle East- Arabs ally with the British and French against Ottomans in WWIThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Role of T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)o Believed that his government would hold up deals and allow the Arabs to have their ownstateo Brits, French, Zionists were actually lying were going to take them and colonize them Sykes-Picot Agreement between Britain and France, 1916 Balfour Declaration and a Jewish homeland in Palestine, 1917 Both agreements formalized at Versailles in 1919- Fasal bin Hussein and the creation of an independent Syria and Iraq, in 1920o French attack and take Syria o British do the same in Iraqo British make Faisal king of Iraq but maintain control of the mineral and oil reserves- Zionists in Palestineo One element of European racism is anti-Semitismo Group wants land in Palestine to get away from ito Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), Founder of Zionism, German nationalist, saw that Christians did not want Jews aroundo Some Zionists had gone to Palestineo Following WWI the increase in anti-Semitism in Germany and Poland push many to Palestine (many go in 1920’s and 1930’s)o U.S cuts off migration due to isolationism and racism cutting off another Jewish Refguge- Growing conflicts with the British and Arabso Attempts to make states but under British and French control causing problemso Arrival of Jews in Palestine creates competition and murderous fighting.o Muslim Anti-Semitism only started really in the 20th century. (result of European Imperialism)Indian Nationalism- The Indian National Congress (INC), 1885, and the Muslim League, 1906o Indians of Hindu religion and Muslims create these to fight against British injustice- Role of India in WWIo Contributed immensely, soldiers, workers- Lucknow Pact between INC and the Muslim League, 1916o Working together against the oppression of the Brits- Oppressive policies and actions of Britisho The Rowlatt Acts (Marshal law during WWI and military police state)o Amritsar Massacre, 1919 (British kill many at this location)o Many now believe that Brits must be gone, no colonial power- Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948)o Established himself as a fighter for Indian rights (especially legal)o Trained in Britain in the law and worked in South Africa for the Indian communityo Became one the leaders of the nationalist movements in India- Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) developed by Gandhio Started developing in South Africa- The salt tax protests and the march to the sea, 1930o Everyone was hurt in India by this taxo Salt was essential to the people for preservationo Gandhi pushed for self reliance/sufficient , own textiles and salto Gandhi is thrown in prison, beateno Government of India Act (1935) and limited self-rule (passed by British parliament)o India will gain Independence in 1947, but there will also be East and West Pakistan China nationalism and communism- Sun Yarsen (1866-1925) and the formation of the Chinese Republic, 1912o National revolt that forces the abdication of the Ching and Imperial presenceo Fellow revolutionaries wanted to westernize and modernize, not loose who they were (blend)- President Yuan Shigai (1912-16) was a former army officer and continues to act like an army officer and this leads to warlordism- Rise of the New Culture movement in China where old ways were rejected (many were Marxist influenced allowing for its inroads)- Anger at the Japanese Imperialism during WWIo Japanese occupy southern Manchuria and Shandong Peninsula (former German areas given up after 1st world war)o Embarrassing to Chinese nationalists- May Fourth Movement (1919) and Chinese Marxismo Chinese for China to regain China against Japan and Warlords who where holding China in bits and pieces (stong Marxist element)- Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai-shek, 1887-1975) and the Nationalist (Guomindang)o Fight against warlordism and communismo Chang was authoritarian, not behind decmocracy, more for authoritarian model like Japan and Germany- Mao Zedong (1893-1976) and the Chinese Communist Part (CCP)Japan and nationalism and imperialism- Joins allies in WWI (to get land it wanted)- Thriving economy (exporting many manufactured goods)- Liberal, two party system, intellectuals- A stirring of ultra-nationalist and imperialist thoughts and beliefs- Anti-Western and opposed to democracy, liberalism, and Marxism- The invented tradition- Emperor Worship, bushido, Shinto (taken of by ultranationalists)o New Emperor Hirohito very much behind this practice (1926)o Bushido reinvented where peaceful elements are removed