NTRES 2201 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of previous lectureI. AnnouncementsA) RegradesB) Guest lecturersII. Population growthIII. SimonIV. Critiques of SimonV. Global population growthOutline of current lectureI. Folk Valuation of Chestnut DiversityII. IntroIII. Narrowing categoriesA) Widest: ReadingsB) Second widest: AnthropoceneC) Third widest: Soule’s sinister sextetD) Fourth widest: Planet of the slumsE) Narrowest: Wall’s researchIV. Chestnut researchCurrent lectureI. Folk Valuation of Chestnut DiversityII. Intro*Towards Better Blight Control and Genetic Resource Management for Chestnut Livelihoods in Turkey*Guest Lecture by Jeffrey Wall-Extensive experience in other countries, especially the Middle East and he has studied chestnuts extensively even during his Phd and he is in love with Turkey*This is a very specific dimension of just Turkey but at the end, we’ll discuss possible generalizations*Today is about how big theories can guide case selection and then smaller theories will refine understanding-We’ll use our course readings for todayIII. Narrowing categoriesA) Widest: readings*Redman/Jones Reading – define urban populations and identify 4 causes of urban population growth-4 causes#Rural to urban migration driven by perception of exciting culture of the city#Bureaucratic classification – land gets reclassified as urban (could be a land grab)#Migration from other nations to more developed nations*Radeloff Reading – north American context-Look at wildlife and natural terrain right next to urban sites#And these situations are disproportionately responsible stuff like habitatdegradation*Marshall and Shuttle-Effect of urbanization on ecology#Want to look at an interesting phenomenon of sprawl effect that is much more of an environmental problem than high density developments like NYC and London and Cairo#Primarily looking at north America#Thinks looking at patterns of spatial sprawl when determining the health of the cityB) Second widest: Anthropocene*Anthropocene – new geological era (but how do we define it?)-It’s not that people don’t want to acknowledge man’s impact, deniers of this are looking for that one geological distinguishing feature to delineate this new period#Examples of possible ones:*Higher recorded carbon than previous period *More radiation in soil during this time period from nuclear programs*Nitrogen has become very present in marine settings*Indigenous native American extinction and subsequent carbon increase*Extinction and biodiversity lossC) Third widest: Soule’s sinister sextet*Soule’s sinister sextet – human things that are bad (narrower look at above ideas)-Fragmentation of habitats-Introduced species-Climate change-Secondary effects-Pollution-Over consumption*A way to remember the above-Hippo#Habitat destruction#Invasive species#Population#Pollution#OverharvestingD) Fourth widest: Planet of the slums*Mike Davis – book called “The Planet of Slums”-Most people migrating to cities are not migrating into greater economic opportunities or increased standard of living-And when we talk about current migration and that of the 19th century, we’re making a mistake-Migrants used to have greater opportunities, but now they’re just moving into slums without any opportunities to join real labor sector-There are serious health consequences of these slum dwellers entering increasingly degraded habitatsE) Narrowest: Wall’s research*You will see that the most successful environmental policies are those that are anthropocentric*So what anthropocentric dimensions make urbanization an anthropocentric issue?-Environment getting degraded can have serious effects on agricultural landscapes because of urbanization#This is where his research starts its focus (rural production and livelihoods being challenged by urbanization)#Rural viabilityIV. Chestnut research*Chestnuts are culturally and economically important to Turkey*Plant genetic resources: Nikolay Valivov and Centers of Crop Diversity*Worried about single diseases and bugs wiping out all crops of a single species because there isn’t enough genetic diversity in crop species*Genetic diversity of each crop is highest in each part of the world it was first domesticated and you can still go to those places and observe the genetic diversity based on phenotypes*Traditional farming practices encourage genetic diversity in their crops-But what the developed world’s response is to take these seeds and bring them to the vault in Iceland to protect them for future generations-In the developing world, they are preserving so many more germplasms just by having genetic diversity in their fields than we can ever hope to in our vaults*Arrival and spread of chestnut blight caused by fungus introduces to Europe in 1936 and slowly spread-But the European species was more resilient to this fungus than the American one that had already gone extinct-Hypovirulence, a virus that naturally occurred that protected plants from fungi, and while this can be manually applied now that we are aware, Turkey had to wait 30years after the fungus arrived for the virus to naturally spread#Virus stops the fungi from killing tree and stops fungi from reproducing so well-Ethnobiology and plant genetic resources#How an ethnobiologist sees storing seeds in a vault#Well its only one half of the issue, genetic diversity that is#The other half are the traditions and cultural importance*An example is pathogenic relationships, because the seed has important interactions with pathogens that drive evolution so putting it in a vault is an unsatisfying half measure*The seeds may be useless in a thousand years because they haven’t been changing with the times*And seed practices are extremely specific and can’t all be recorded*So what about chestnuts?-They are very culturally important and especially to Turkish people-So now we’ll try and make a folk valuation#Like contingency valuation (where you evaluate public resources that don’t have market value often in times of emergency like the exxonvaldez spill)#To make a folk valuation, you can’t just talk to the producers of chestnuts, you have to talk to everyone along the chain of chestnuts from customers who purchase them to societies that rely on them in times of food scarcity#Circle of folk valuation of chestnuts*It’s like a circle of tons of pictures of chestnuts*Like as candy and soup and on trees providing shade and being