Chem 116 1st EditionExam #5 Study Guide April 14th Molar ConcentrationSolution – homogenous mixture of two or more substances- Solute – substance in lesser amount- Solvent – substance in greater amount- Aqueous Solutions – solid or liquid dissolved in waterConcentration – measures the amount of solute dissolved in a certain quantity of solvent- Dilute – small about of solute- Concentrated – large amount of solute- Saturated – maximum amount of soluteMolar Concentration (c) – moles of solute per liter of solutionc= molar concentrationn= moles of soluteV= volume of solutionc = n/V n = cV V = n/c1M = 1mol dm˄-3 = 1mol L˄-1- Molarity is a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution- Solution volume and solvent volume are not the sameDilution Formula:ciVi = cfVfi = initialf = final- Initial solution is more concentrated- Initial volume is smallerExample. Diluting a solution You are given a solution of 14.8M NH3. How many milliliters of this solution do you require to give 100.0mL of 1.00M NH3 when diluted?April 21stQuantitative Analysis- Gravimetric Analysis- Volumetric AnalysisExample. Gravimetric Analysis A 1.000L sample of polluted water was analyzed for lead(II) ion, Pb2+, by adding an excess of sodium sulfate to it. The mass of lead(II) sulfate that precipitated was 229.8mg. What is the mass of lead in a liter of the water? Given the answer as milligrams oflead per liter of solution.Volumetric Titration- Concentration of a species is determined by measuring volume of a reactant needed to achieve a complete reaction- You’ve reached the end of your titration when the color faintly changes to a fuscia colorExample. Calculating volume of reactant needed Consider the reaction of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, with sodium hydroxide, NaOH. H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) −−→2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)Suppose a beaker contains 35.0mL of 0.0175M H2SO4. How many mL of 0.250M NaOH must be added to react completely with the sulfuric acid?Example. Titrations A flask contains a solution with an unknown amount of HCl. This solution is titrated with 0.207M NaOH. It takes 4.47mL of NaOH to complete the reaction. What is the mass of