CPSC 382Organic Chem Ag Biol ProcTopic #8 - Sugars and Carbohydrates1. Definition of “carbohydrate”2. Classification of carbohydrates as monosacharides, oligosacharides and polysaccharides3. Monosaccharidesa. trioses - glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetoneb. chirality in monosaccharides(1) Fischer’s D/L system to denote chiral carbon](2) application of Fisher’s system to larger monosaccharides(3) multiple chiral carbons and “epimers”c. sugar ring structures through hemiacetal formation(1) anomeric carbons and “anomers”(2) mutarotationd. pyranose and furanose sugar ring structures(1) glucose in pyranose(2) fructose and ribose in furanose(3) conformation of sugar pyranose rings4. Dissacharidesa. formation of glycosidic bondsb. glycoside bonds involving the anomeric carbonc. maltosed. cellobiosee. lactosefl sucrose5. Polysaccharidesa. starch(1) amylose and amylopectin structure(2) structure of starch granuleb. cellulosec. cellulose vs. starch secondary macromolecular structure6. Carbohydrate structure of the plant cell walla. main carbohydrate components of the cell wall b. structures of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectinsc. organization of cellulose into microfibrilsd. model for the structure of the plant cell wallMONOSACCHARIDES:Triose: Aldoses and ketoses:Chirality in glyceraldehyde:Fischer’s system to describe chirality in monosaccharides: Multiple chiral carbons in hexoses showing “epimers”:Ring formation by generation of a hemiacetal:Glucose anomers:Fructose anomers:Conformation of pyranose in hexoses:DISACCHARIDES:Maltose:Cellobiose:Lactose:Sucrose:POLYSACCHARIDES:Starch:Formation of a “starch granule”: Cellulose:Comparision of starch and cellulose:Carbohydrate structure of the plant cell wall:Structure of plant cell wall component carbohydrates:Organization of cellulose into “microfibrils”:Model for plant cell wall
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