FWF 250 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures: 14 - 20Lecture 14 (March 24)1.) What are the three orders of amphibians?anura (frogs/toads), caudata (salamanders/newts), and gymnophiona (caecilians)2.) We are amidst which mass extinction?Sixth 3.) Which frog is able to shut down digestion and doesn’t have a tadpole stage?Gastric brood rearing frog4.) Who keeps up with the status of amphibian populations?IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)5.) Which class of vertebrates is the most imperiled? Amphibians with about 30% decline in frogs and about 50% decline in salamanders. However, freshwater turtles are the most imperiled species.6.) Which type of amphibians does TN have the most species?Salamanders7.) What is the status of amphibians in the United States?2 species extinct, 10 species endangered, 9 species threatened, and 5 species awaiting8.) Why are amphibians susceptible to becoming extinct?- Exothermic vertebrates with a biphasic life cycle- Low ability to move (low vagility)- Water (transmission of parasites)- Temperature of environment- Take up water and some oxygen through their skin- Skin must remain moist for respiration and osmoregulation- Desiccation is a lifelong struggle- Absorb compounds readily- Long-lived (about 10 years) 9.) Why are amphibians important?Things above and below them depend on them; therefore, they are important to the ecosystem. They are also biological indicators. Some are used for medicinal purposes.10.) What are the reasons for amphibian declines?- Habitat destruction/degradation- Chemical pollution- Introduced predators and competition- Commercial exploitation- Climate change- UB-B Radiation- Acid precipitation- Pathogens: fungus; parasites; ranavirusLecture 15 (March 31) 1.) Define wildlife.Wildlife is defined as undomesticated, free-ranging, vertebrate animals (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish) in their natural environment.2.) How much is this wildlife worth?- Grey Squirrel disperse seeds of white oak trees. They are known as scatter hoarders. They don’t find 75% of the food that they have hidden.- Largemouth bass give 828,000 jobs in the U.S., along with $115 billion annually. - An 11% excise tax exists to pay for fisheries conservation because of the Dingle Johnson Act.- About 50 million birders are attracted to the Eastern Bluebird. They contribute $107 billion annually.- Eastern Box Turtles also have an environmental niche (address and profession). They eat mayapples, which bloom in April, and disperse their seeds. - Central Stonerollers and mussels keep water clean.- Black vultures are our trash disposals; however, they can cause damage to people’s objects. Turkey vultures find prey by smell; they mostly soar instead of flap their wings.Black vultures will follow turkey vultures to find food.- White-tailed deer and bucks are valuable.- Fish are also valuable resources.3.) What are the two different users when it comes to using these wildlife resources?Consumptive users and non-comsumptive users4.) What is the value of wildlife?- Commercial: replacement costs- Recreational- Environmental/biological- Esthetic/spiritual- Scientific/medicinal 5.) How many hunters are there, and what is their impact on the economy?There are 13.7 million hunters. Hunting provides over 1 million jobs and contributes over $87 billion per year to the economy.Lecture 16 (April 27)1.) Where do rural communities derive a large portion of their income?By catering to hunters2.) Describe the South Carolina plantations hunting leases example.There is one owner and 25 members of the Hunt Club. Quail hunting costs about $7000/year; ten hunts equals $700/day. The total amount for quail hunting is $175,000/year. A deer lease is about $7000/weekend (3 days, 6 people maximum) andtotals to about $140,000/year. They have the longest and most liberal deer season. It begins August 15 and ends January 1.3.) What is the effect called in which wildlife attracts money to a community?Multiplier effect4.) Which animal has the most impact on plant and animal populations more than any otheranimal in the south?White-tailed deer. They must be managed and harvested for their own good.5.) What were the expenditures for deer hunters in 2001?Food/drink= >$1.1 billion; Off-road vehicles= >$1.6 billion; Deer leases= >$400 million6.) Who are predators of deer that have been removed?Mountain lions and wolves7.) When was the last confirmed sighting of an Eastern cougar in Tennessee?In 1920. It attacked Tom Sparks, who was herding sheep. It was found dead months later.8.) According to 2011 National Survey, what percentage of hunters and anglers were male?89% of hunters and 73% of anglers9.) What have trends shown from 2001 to 2011 in Tennessee?The percentage of anglers has decreased by 9%. The percentage of hunters has increased by 4%. The percentage of wildlife watchers has stayed nearly the same.10.) What percentage of Tennessee is privately owned?86%Lecture 17 (April 9)1.) What are the scales that have a raised ridge?Keeled scales2.) Of what are scales made?Keratin 3.) What is the order and suborder of snakes?Squamata (order); serpentes (suborder)4.) What are the two families of snakes present in Tennessee?Colubridae and Viperidae5.) What percentage of the animal community within a forested environment linked to a large, broken log?40%6.) What are some misconceptions associated with snakes?- Size: overestimate length since they are long and narrow- Speed: lateral undulation (manner of movement) gives the illusion of traveling fast- Venomous: only 10% of snakes are venomous worldwide- Aggressiveness: snakes are more likely to investigate than attack or chase- Charming snakes: snakes cannot hypnotize their prey- Hoop snakes: they cannot bite their tail and roll downhill- Poisonous breath: myth came from hognose snakes (play dead)- Rattles: Snakes add a rattle each time they shed, which can be several times per year- Striking: they can strike from any position, not just a coiled position- Sucking milk: snakes cannot suck milk from livestock7.) How many species of venomous snakes are present in Tennessee?4 species are venomous out of 30 species in Tennessee.8.) What enable pit vipers to locate their prey in the night?Pit organs. They are located on the sides of the head between the nostril and eye. They aresensitive to infrared receptors for thermal environments.9.) If bitten by a snake, should anyone make an incision?No. Also, immobilize it, apply a